Systemized review of the application of policies aimed at reducing energy-dense food consumption from 2013 to 2023

Abstract

As a result of the consumption of energy-dense foods (ACE), there is an increase in the number of incidences of non-communicable diseases such as overweight, obesity and heart disease. To counteract this epidemiological crisis, countries such as the United States, Australia, Norway and Mexico, have implemented an excise tax of between 8% and 10% on high-calorie foods and beverages. Labeling policies and warning seals are also being promoted regarding the consumption of harmful products due to their high nutritional content. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematized review of public policies aimed at reducing consumption and spending on ACE foods, highlighting the results of nutritional labeling and the food tax. The methodology used was SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis), in databases such as SCOPUS, Dialnet and Scielo, including open access articles in English and Spanish (2013 to 2023). The main findings are that the Front Warning Seal (SAF) tax and labeling policy has been effective in multiple countries, including Mexico. It also highlights that in order for the tax on food and beverages to be effective, a 20% ad valorem price increase is required at all socioeconomic levels. However, despite opposition from the food industry to its implementation, SAF labeling shows international evidence confirming its effectiveness. It is concluded that, although the tax and front labeling are effective for consumer decision making, it is recommended that their application be concurrent with fiscal policies. On the other hand, it is not omitted that other measures, such as advertising bands, could be a good complement to reduce the consumption of ACE foods. Future research is required to support its effectiveness within the regions of the country.