Soursop (Annona muricata L.) seed and peel extracts: phytochemical evaluation
Keywords:
Annonaceae, Ethanol, Methanol, Ultrasound.Abstract
Depending on environmental conditions, plants have developed defense mechanisms such as secondary metabolites for in order to adapt to environmental conditions. Several studies on soursop extracts have reported antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and insecticidal properties. Therefore, a phytochemical evaluation of soursop peel and seed extracts obtained with methanol at 100 % and 80 %, and ethanol at 96 %, 80 % and 70 % was proposed to be used in alternative methods for the control of fungal diseases in post-harvest, in addition to providing an alternative to the use of soursop fruit residues. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of secondary metabolites were performed by colorimetry for phenols and tannins, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids, and spectrophotometry for total soluble phenols, tannins, flavonoids, chlorophylls, and total carotenoids. The following nomenclature was assigned to each of the extracts obtained: The methanol extracts at 100 and 80 % were assigned MET 100 and MET 80, and the ethanolic extracts at 96, 80 and 70 % were assigned ET 96, ET 80, and ET 70 respectively. For the determination of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids, methanol at 100 and 90 % and ethanol at 95 % were used as solvents, assigning MET 100, MET 90 and ET 95 as nomenclature.
A positive qualitative phytochemical screening for phenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinines, steroids, saponins and alkaloids was obtained in peel extracts (MET 100 and 80, ET 96, 80 and 70) while seed extracts (MET 100 and 80, ET 96, 80 and 70) were positive for flavonoids and alkaloids, however, the determination of quinines was negative in these same extracts. ET 70 presented high phenol content (137.96 mg EAG g.p.s.-1) in the soursop peel extract and in the seed sample, ET 80 obtained high phenol content (36.45 mg EAG. g.p.s-1), with a P > 0.05. On the other hand, ET 70 and ET 80 had a high tannin content (62.71 mg EAG.g.p.s.-1) in peel and 22.99 mg EAG.g.p.s.-1 in soursop seed with a P > 0.05. The flavonoid content in the ET 70 extract was 92.69 mg ER g.p.s.-1 in peel and in soursop seed, MET 80 extract, obtained 20.85 mg ER.g.p.s.-1 with a P ≥ 0.05 between the extracts evaluated. Regarding the total chlorophyll content, a high content was obtained in peel (23.79 μg. g-1) when compared to total chlorophyll content in soursop seed (2.46 μg. g-1) presenting a statistical difference (3.48; P ≥ 0.05). As for the content of carotenoids present in soursop peel, the value was 4.67 μg. g-1 while in seed it was 0.41 μg. g-1. In soursop peel extracts (qualitative) with solvent (80 % methanol) the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinines, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids was detected. Seed extracts (quantitative) with 80 % ethanol and peel with 70 % ethanol showed a high content of total soluble phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Extracts with high chlorophyll content were shell with 100 % methanol and seed with 90 % methanol, for carotenoids, seed with 95 % ethanol.
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