RETARDANTES DE LLAMA VERDES A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS AGROINDUSTRIALES: DESARROLLO Y APLICACIÓN DE NANOLIGNINA Y NANOCELULOSA
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La nanolignina y la nanocelulosa poseen propiedades estructurales y térmicas que favorecen la formación de capas carbonosas, la reducción de humos y la mejora de la estabilidad térmica en polímeros y textiles. Esta revisión analiza el estado del arte sobre técnicas de extracción e hidrólisis, métodos de obtención de nanopartículas lignocelulósicas, mecanismos de acción como retardantes de llama, y aplicaciones actuales en recubrimientos, biocomposites y materiales funcionales. También se discuten las ventajas ambientales, los sinergismos con compuestos nitrogenados y fosforados y la transición hacia materiales intumescentes ecológicos. Además, se abordan los retos tecnológicos asociados al escalamiento, a la homogeneidad del material y a la compatibilidad con matrices poliméricas, destacando el potencial de los residuos agroindustriales para generar materiales de alto valor agregado en el marco de la economía circular.
Detalles del artículo
Sección
Cómo citar
Referencias
Azimvand, J., Didehban, K., Mirshokrai, S. A. (2018). Preparation and Characterization of Lignin Polymeric Nanoparticles Using the Green Solvent Ethylene Glycol: Acid Precipitation Technology. BioResources, 13(2): 2887-2897. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.2.2887-2897
Chollet, B., Lopez-Cuesta, J.-M., Laoutid, F., & Ferry, L. (2019). Lignin Nanoparticles as A Promising Way for Enhancing Lignin Flame Retardant Effect in Polylactide. Materials, 12(13): 2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132132
Costa, S. A., Pereira, P. H. F., & Arantes, V. (2025). Efficient production of lignin nanoparticle colloids and their use as eco-friendly dyes for textiles. Industrial Crops and Products, 225: 120390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120390
Costes, L., Laoutid, F., Brohez, S., & Dubois, P. (2017). Phytic acid–lignin combination: A simple and efficient route for enhancing thermal and flame retardant properties of polylactide. European Polymer Journal, 94: 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.018
de Araújo, L. G. S., Rodrigues, T. H. S., Rates, E. R. D., Alencar, L. M. R., Rosa, M. de F., Ponte Rocha, M. V. (2024). Production of Cellulose Nanoparticles from Cashew Apple Bagasse by Sequential Enzymatic Hydrolysis with an Ultrasonic Process and Its Application in Biofilm Packaging. ACS Omega, 9(51): 50671-50684.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c08702
de Prá Andrade, M., Piazza, D., & Poletto, M. (2021). Pecan nutshell: Morphological, chemical and thermal characterization. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 13: 2229-2238. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.106
Goliszek, M., Podkościelna, B., Rybiński, P., Klapiszewska, I., Klepka, T., Masek, A., & Klapiszewski, Ł. (2024). Toward a green economy: Lignin based hybrid materials as functional additives in flame retardant polymer coatings. Journal of Polymer Research, 31: 316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04169-z
He, T., Chen, F., Zhu, W., & Yan, N. (2022). Functionalized lignin nanoparticles for producing mechanically strong and tough flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 209(Part A): 1339–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.089
Hu, M., Lv, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Dai, H. (2024). Guideline for the Extraction of Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Food Biomacromolecules, 1(1): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/fob2.12011
Ingtipi, K., Choudhury, B. J., & Moholkar, V. S. (2023). Development of NaOH-borax crosslinked PVA-xanthan gum-lignin hydrogel as green fire retardant coating. Progress in Organic Coatings, 174: 107268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107268
Li, P., Liu, C., Xu, Y.-J., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Novel and eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton fabrics with lignosulfonate and chitosan through LbL: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression and flame-retardant mechanism. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 181: 109302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109302
Liu, K.; Zhuang, Y., Chen, J., Yang, G.; Dai, L. (2022). Research Progress on the Preparation and High-Value Utilization of Lignin Nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(13): 7254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137254
Liu, Y., Li, C., Li, C. X., Xu, L., Zhou, S., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Soham, D., Fan, R., Liu, H., Chen, G., Li, Y., Ling, T., Li, Z., Tao, J., Wan, J. (2023). Porous, robust, thermally stable, and flame retardant nanocellulose/polyimide separators for safe lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 11: 23360-23369. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA05148J
Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Sun, B., Liu, X., Zhao, R., Liu, B., Sun, Z., Men, Y., Hu, W., & Shao, Z.-B. (2024). Functionalized lignin nanoparticles assembled with MXene reinforced polypropylene with favorable UV-aging resistance, electromagnetic shielding effects and superior fire-safety. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 265: 130957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130957
Luo, T., Wang, C., Ji, X., Yang, G., Chen, J., Janaswamy, S., Lyu, G. (2021). Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Lignin Nanoparticles with Deep Eutectic Solvents by Nanoprecipitation. Molecules, 26(1): 218.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010218
Ma, T., Hu, X., Lü, S., Cui, R., Zhao, J., Hu, X., Song, Y. (2021). Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced Using Recyclable Sulfuric Acid as Hydrolysis Media and Their Wetting Molecular Dynamics Simulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 184: 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.094
Madyaratri, E. W., Ridho, M. R., Aristri, M. A., Lubis, M. A. R., Iswanto, A. H., Nawawi, D. S., Antov, P., Kristak, L., Majlingová, A., & Fatriasari, W. (2022). Recent advances in the development of fire-resistant biocomposites- A review. Polymers, 14(3): 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030362
Mahmud, M. A., & Anannya, F. R. (2021). Sugarcane bagasse – A source of cellulosic fiber for diverse applications. Heliyon, 7(8): e07771.
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07771
Mumbach, G. D., Alves, J. L. F., da Silva, J. C. G., Di Domenico, M., Arias, S., Pacheco, J. G. A., Marangoni, C., & Machado, R. A. F. (2022). Prospecting pecan nutshell pyrolysis as a source of bioenergy and bio-based chemicals using multicomponent kinetic modeling, thermodynamic parameters estimation, and Py-GC/MS analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 153: 111753. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111753
Ortega-Sanhueza, I., Girard, V., Ziegler-Devin, I., Chapuis, H., Brosse, N., Valenzuela, F., Banerjee, A., Fuentealba, C., Cabrera-Barjas, G., Torres, C., Méndez, A., Segovia, C., & Pereira, M. (2024). Preparation and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles from Different Lignin Sources Using the Antisolvent Nanoprecipitation Method. Polymers, 16(11): 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16111610
Ouadil, B., Sair, S., & Ait Ousaleh, H. (2025). Lignin nanoparticles based coatings for multifunctional polyester textiles with flame retardant, antioxidant, and UV protective properties. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2025.2519394
Pereira, P. H. F., Costa, S., Costa, S. M., & Arantes, V. (2025). Efficient production of lignin nanoparticle colloids and their feasibility for eco-friendly dyeing of natural and synthetic textile fabrics. Industrial Crops and Products, 225: 120390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120390
Rezende, C. A., de Lima, M. A., Maziero, P., deAzevedo, E. R., Garcia, W., & Polikarpov, I. (2011). Chemical and morphological characterization of sugarcane bagasse submitted to a delignification process for enhanced enzymatic digestibility. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 4: 54.
DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-54
Ribeiro, R. S. A., Pohlmann, B. C., Calado, V., Bojorge, N., Pereira, N. (2019). Production of Nanocellulose by Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Trends and Challenges. Engineering in Life Sciences, 19(4): 279-291.
https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201800158
Solihat, N.N., Hidayat, A.F., Taib, M.N.A.M., Hussin, M.H., Lee, S.H., Ghani, M.A.A., Edrus, S.S.A.O., Vahabi, H., Fatriasari, W. (2022). Recent Developments in Flame-Retardant Lignin-Based Biocomposite: Manufacturing, and characterization. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30: 4517–4537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02494-2
Song, X., Guo, W., Zhu, Z., Han, G., & Cheng, W. (2024). Preparation of uniform lignin/titanium dioxide nanoparticles by confined assembly: A multifunctional nanofiller for a waterborne polyurethane wood coating. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 258: 128827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128827
Tang, Q.; Qian, Y.; Yang, D.; Qiu, X.; Qin, Y.; Zhou, M. (2020). Lignin-Based Nanoparticles: A Review on Their Preparations and Applications. Polymers, 12(11): 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112471
Wang, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Q. (2023). Recent Advances in Sustainable Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals via Solid Acid Hydrolysis: A Mini-Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253: 127353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127353
Won, S., Jung, M., Bang, J., Cho, S. Y., Choi, I.-G., & Kwak, H. W. (2024). Lignin-based flame retardant via sequential purification‑nanoparticle formation, and NP coupled chemical modification. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 281: 136499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136499
Woźniak, A., Kuligowski, K., Świerczek, L., & Cenian, A. (2025). Review of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Using Physical, Thermal and Chemical Methods for Higher Yields in Bioethanol Production. Sustainability, 17(1), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010287
Wu, Q., Ran, F., Dai, L., Li, C., Li, R., & Si, C. (2021). A functional lignin-based nanofiller for flame-retardant blend. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 184: 1004-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.233
Xue, M., Xu, J., Li, Y., Jia, W., Wang, H., Xie, Z., Guo, F., Liang, F., Zhang, Y., & Wu, J. (2024). Flame retardant effect of lignin/carbon nanohorns/potassium carbonate composite flame retardant on fir pretreated under different methods. Thermochimica Acta, 731: 179641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2023.179641