COMPÓSITOS DE MATRIZ DE PU: COMO SOPORTES DE BIOPELÍCULAS BACTERIANAS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE ARSÉNICO EN AGUA
Palabras clave:
arsénico, agua, bacterias, compósitos, poliuretanoResumen
El arsénico (As) es un metal pesado de alta toxicidad, considerado un grave problema de contaminación del agua. Los tratamientos físico químicos existentes son costosos y poco sostenibles, por lo tanto, se han impulsado alternativas que se basan en la biorremediación. En este contexto, microorganismos como las bacterias han demostrado tolerancia a altas concentraciones de arsénico, principalmente cuando se encuentran en forma de biopelículas estables. Para que se formen dichas biopelículas, es esencial que los soportes tengan propiedades físicas y químicas específicas que, gracias al desarrollo de materiales compuestos (compósitos), son posibles. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar los avances en compósitos formados por matrices de poliuretano (PU), reportados con éxito como soportes para la autoformación de biopelículas bacterianas, así como las principales cepas con más casos de estudio. La metodología seguida consistió en realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos ScienceDirect, desde 2000 hasta 2025, utilizando las palabras clave descritas al final de este manuscrito. Tras la búsqueda, se seleccionaron los trabajos correspondientes y se extrajo la información de interés. Principalmente se observó el desarrollo de compósitos de PU con cargas/refuerzos de nanopartículas de naturaleza inorgánica, tales como óxidos metálicos, con un enfoque de síntesis responsable ambientalmente, orientado al cumplimiento de los principios de la química verde; a la par, también se identificaron a las cepas Bacillus, como las más investigadas para tal aplicación. Los avances de los sistemas compósitos/bacterias se han adaptado a las actuales vertientes de investigación eco-amigables, actuando a su vez, como excelentes opciones para la biorremediación de arsénico en agua.
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