Revisión del uso de campos magnéticos en la soldadura
Palabras clave:
campo magnético, arco eléctrico, electrodo, electromagnetismo, ZATResumen
La soldadura es un proceso para unir o reparar estructuras metálicas mediante la fusión de uno o más materiales con o sin material de aporte. Hay varios procesos de soldadura: 1) Soldadura smaw, usa un electrodo revestido y es versátil y económico, aunque genera humo. 2) Soldadura gmaw/mig, utiliza gas inerte y produce un cordón limpio, ideal para la industria automotriz. 3) Soldadura gtaw, ofrece alta calidad para metales no ferrosos, aunque es más lenta. 4) Soldadura saw, adecuada para materiales de alto calibre y producción en masa, protegida por un fundente. 5) soldadura rsw, empleada para unir placas delgadas en la industria automotriz mediante corriente eléctrica. Los factores que afectan la soldadura son; materiales, parámetros operativos (corriente, voltaje y velocidad de avance, la configuración y posición del electrodo o antorcha). La aplicación de campos magnéticos en soldadura, mejoran la estabilidad del arco, controlan la pileta de fusión y reducen defectos. Son útiles en el proceso gmaw, saw y smaw para obtener un cordón de soldadura de calidad, mejorar la penetración y distribución del calor, reducir salpicaduras y porosidad. Beneficios: aumentar la eficiencia, reducir defectos y versatilidad en diferentes aplicaciones. La investigación continua busca superar los desafíos actuales, permitiendo una adopción más amplia de esta tecnología.
Referencias
Baghel, P. K. (2022). Effect of SMAW process parameters on similar and dissimilar metal welds: An overview. Heliyon, 8(12): e12161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.heliyon.20 22.e12161
Chen, Y., Sui, F., Cong, K., Yan, X., Zhang, G., & Guan, S. (2011). Effects of Shielding Gas and Magnetic Field on Characteristics of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by TIG Welding. Materials Science Forum, 704-705: 1186-1196. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific. net/MSF.704-705.1186
Cruz-Hernández, V. L., García-Hernández, R., López-Morelos, V. H., García-Rentería, M. A., & González-Sánchez, J. (2022). Intergranular corrosion of AISI 347 stainless steel welds obtained under electromagnetic interaction of low intensity. Materials Letters, 312: 131679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131679
Cueva Jiménez, G. F. (2024). ANALYSIS OF WELDING TYPES THROUGH NON-DESTRUCTIVE. Aula Virtual, 5(12): 446-465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 11521698
athi, M. S. A., Ismael, Q., & Saleh, K. A. (2019). An effect of welding type on the mechanical properties of welding joints. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 9(4): 699-707.
Garcia, M., López, V., Rafael, G., Bedolla, E., & González-Sánchez, J. (2015). Electrochemical Characterization of AISI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Joints with Electromagnetic Interaction. Procedia Materials Science, 8: 950-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.156
García Rentería, M. A., López Morelos, V. H., García Hernández, R., Curiel López, F., & Lemus-Ruíz, J. (2013). Effect on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Electromagnetic Stirring during GMA Welding of 2205 DSS Plates. Materials Science Forum, 755: 61-68. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.755.61
Giudice, F., Missori, S., Scolaro, C., & Sili, A. (2024). A Review on Fusion Welding of Dissimilar Ferritic/Austenitic Steels: Processing and Weld Zone Metallurgy. Journal of Manufacturingand Materials Processing 8(3): 96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10 .3390/jmmp8030096
Hailong, L., Lixiang, W., & Yunhai, S. (2014). The Research on Microstructure and Properties of WQ960 Welded Joints under Longitudinal Magnetic Field. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic, Industrial and Control Engineering, 1: 92-95 https://doi.org/10.2991/meic-14.2014.21
Janaki Ram, G. D., Murugesan, R., & Sundaresan, S. (1999). Fusion zone grain refinement in aluminum alloy welds through magnetic arc oscillation and its effect on tensile behavior. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 8(5): 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-999-0002-x
Jiang, S., Wang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, P. (2012). The Impact of Adscititious Longitudinal Magnetic Field on CO2 Welding Process. Advanced Materials Research, 538-541: 1447-1450. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.538-541.1447
Liu, Y., Ding, H., Luo, J., Bair, D., Xu, X., & Chang, Y. (2024). Numerical and experimental study of TIG welding arc in high frequency longitudinal magnetic field. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 33: 5253-5262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.10.181
Liu, Y., Sun, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Cai, S., & Feng, J. (2016). Effect of the axial external magnetic field on copper/aluminium arc weld joining. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 21: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2015.1125406
Luo, J., Luo, Q., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2010). EMS-CO2 Welding: A New Approach to Improve Droplet Transfer Characteristics and Welding Formation. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(11): 1233-1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2010.481000
Luo, J., Zongxiang, Y., & Keliang, X. (2015). Anti-gravity gradient unique arc behavior in the longitudinal electric magnetic field hybrid tungsten inert gas arc welding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 84: 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7728-4
Madavi, K. R., Jogi, B. F., & Lohar, G. S. (2022). Metal inert gas (MIG) welding process: A study of effect of welding parameters. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51: 690-698. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.206
Nikzad, S., Ashuri, H., Kokabi, A., Shafizadeh, M., & Ferasat, K. (2016). Newly Developed Technique to Eliminate Hot Cracking with Electromagnetic Vibration for Joining of 2024 Aluminum Alloy. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, 5(1): 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0255-3
Pathak, D., Pandey, S. P., Singh, R. P., & Balu, V. (2022). Influence of external axial magnetic field on shielded metal arc weld properties for high strength low alloy steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62: 2748-2754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matpr.2021.12.296
Queiroz, A. V., Fernandes, M. T., Silva, L., Demarque, R., Xavier, C. R., & Castro, J. A. (2020). Effects of an External Magnetic Field on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Fusion Zone in TIG Welding. Metals, 10(6): 714. https://doi.org/https: //doi.org/10.3390/met10060714
Ramdam, K., & Klimecka-Tatar, D. (2024). Quality Assurance in Special Processes on the Example of the Welding Process. Materials Research Proceedings, 45: 67-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903315-9
Reis, R., Scotti, A., Norrish, J., & Cuiuri, D. (2013). Investigation on Welding Arc Interruptions in the Presence of Magnetic Fields: Arc Length, Torch Angle and Current Pulsing Frequency Influence. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 41:133-139. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2012.2230650
Thomy, C., & Vollertsen, F. (2005). Influence of Magnetic Fields on Dilution during Laser Welding of Aluminium. Advanced Materials Research, 6-8: 179-186. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.6-8.179
Wang, L., Chen, J., Wu, C., & Luan, S. (2020). Numerical analysis of arc and droplet behaviors in gas metal arc welding with external compound magnetic field. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 282: 116-638. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jmatprotec.2020.116638
Wang, L., Chen, J., Wu, C. S., & Gao, J. (2016). Backward flowing molten metal in weld pool and its influence on humping bead in high-speed GMAW. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 237: 342-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.201 6.06.028
Wu, H., Chang, Y., Lu, L., & Bai, J. (2017). Review on magnetically controlled arc welding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 91(9): 4263-4273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0068-9
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Chen, Y., Sui, F., Cong, K., Yan, X., Zhang, G., & Guan, S. (2011). Effects of Shielding Gas and Magnetic Field on Characteristics of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by TIG Welding. Materials Science Forum, 704-705: 1186-1196. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific. net/MSF.704-705.1186
Cruz-Hernández, V. L., García-Hernández, R., López-Morelos, V. H., García-Rentería, M. A., & González-Sánchez, J. (2022). Intergranular corrosion of AISI 347 stainless steel welds obtained under electromagnetic interaction of low intensity. Materials Letters, 312: 131679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131679
Cueva Jiménez, G. F. (2024). ANALYSIS OF WELDING TYPES THROUGH NON-DESTRUCTIVE. Aula Virtual, 5(12): 446-465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 11521698
Fathi, M. S. A., Ismael, Q., & Saleh, K. A. (2019). An effect of welding type on the mechanical properties of welding joints. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 9(4): 699-707.
Garcia, M., López, V., Rafael, G., Bedolla, E., & González-Sánchez, J. (2015). Electrochemical Characterization of AISI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Joints with Electromagnetic Interaction. Procedia Materials Science, 8: 950-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.156
García Rentería, M. A., López Morelos, V. H., García Hernández, R., Curiel López, F., & Lemus-Ruíz, J. (2013). Effect on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Electromagnetic Stirring during GMA Welding of 2205 DSS Plates. Materials Science Forum, 755: 61-68. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.755.61
Giudice, F., Missori, S., Scolaro, C., & Sili, A. (2024). A Review on Fusion Welding of Dissimilar Ferritic/Austenitic Steels: Processing and Weld Zone Metallurgy. Journal of Manufacturingand Materials Processing 8(3): 96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10 .3390/jmmp8030096
Hailong, L., Lixiang, W., & Yunhai, S. (2014). The Research on Microstructure and Properties of WQ960 Welded Joints under Longitudinal Magnetic Field. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic, Industrial and Control Engineering, 1: 92-95 https://doi.org/10.2991/meic-14.2014.21
Janaki Ram, G. D., Murugesan, R., & Sundaresan, S. (1999). Fusion zone grain refinement in aluminum alloy welds through magnetic arc oscillation and its effect on tensile behavior. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 8(5): 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-999-0002-x
Jiang, S., Wang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, P. (2012). The Impact of Adscititious Longitudinal Magnetic Field on CO2 Welding Process. Advanced Materials Research, 538-541: 1447-1450. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.538-541.1447
Liu, Y., Ding, H., Luo, J., Bair, D., Xu, X., & Chang, Y. (2024). Numerical and experimental study of TIG welding arc in high frequency longitudinal magnetic field. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 33: 5253-5262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.10.181
Liu, Y., Sun, Q., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Cai, S., & Feng, J. (2016). Effect of the axial external magnetic field on copper/aluminium arc weld joining. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 21: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2015.1125406
Luo, J., Luo, Q., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2010). EMS-CO2 Welding: A New Approach to Improve Droplet Transfer Characteristics and Welding Formation. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(11): 1233-1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2010.481000
Luo, J., Zongxiang, Y., & Keliang, X. (2015). Anti-gravity gradient unique arc behavior in the longitudinal electric magnetic field hybrid tungsten inert gas arc welding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 84: 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7728-4
Madavi, K. R., Jogi, B. F., & Lohar, G. S. (2022). Metal inert gas (MIG) welding process: A study of effect of welding parameters. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51: 690-698. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.206
Nikzad, S., Ashuri, H., Kokabi, A., Shafizadeh, M., & Ferasat, K. (2016). Newly Developed Technique to Eliminate Hot Cracking with Electromagnetic Vibration for Joining of 2024 Aluminum Alloy. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, 5(1): 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0255-3
Pathak, D., Pandey, S. P., Singh, R. P., & Balu, V. (2022). Influence of external axial magnetic field on shielded metal arc weld properties for high strength low alloy steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62: 2748-2754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matpr.2021.12.296
Queiroz, A. V., Fernandes, M. T., Silva, L., Demarque, R., Xavier, C. R., & Castro, J. A. (2020). Effects of an External Magnetic Field on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Fusion Zone in TIG Welding. Metals, 10(6): 714. https://doi.org/https: //doi.org/10.3390/met10060714
Ramdam, K., & Klimecka-Tatar, D. (2024). Quality Assurance in Special Processes on the Example of the Welding Process. Materials Research Proceedings, 45: 67-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903315-9
Reis, R., Scotti, A., Norrish, J., & Cuiuri, D. (2013). Investigation on Welding Arc Interruptions in the Presence of Magnetic Fields: Arc Length, Torch Angle and Current Pulsing Frequency Influence. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 41:133-139. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2012.2230650
Thomy, C., & Vollertsen, F. (2005). Influence of Magnetic Fields on Dilution during Laser Welding of Aluminium. Advanced Materials Research, 6-8: 179-186. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.6-8.179
Wang, L., Chen, J., Wu, C., & Luan, S. (2020). Numerical analysis of arc and droplet behaviors in gas metal arc welding with external compound magnetic field. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 282: 116-638. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jmatprotec.2020.116638
Wang, L., Chen, J., Wu, C. S., & Gao, J. (2016). Backward flowing molten metal in weld pool and its influence on humping bead in high-speed GMAW. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 237: 342-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.201 6.06.028
Wu, H., Chang, Y., Lu, L., & Bai, J. (2017). Review on magnetically controlled arc welding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 91(9): 4263-4273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0068-9
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