Bacterias reductoras de sulfato (BRS): efecto sobre los metales pesados presentes en aguas residuales industriales
Palabras clave:
bacterias reductoras, sulfato, metales pesados, aguas residuales industrialesResumen
La contaminación de aguas residuales con metales pesados es un grave problema ambiental que genera efectos perjudiciales en la salud del hombre y de los organismos vivos que se encuentran en contacto con este medio. Existen distintos métodos para el tratamiento de los metales pesados, tanto físicos como químicos; sin embargo, en las últimas dos décadas se han desarrollado ampliamente tratamientos biológicos, los cuales hacen uso de organismos vivos para su biorremediación. Los tratamientos biológicos han ganado la atención científica debido a que, comparados con los tratamientos convencionales, son más rentables en economía y eficiencia, además de que son ecológicamente responsables al no generar una posterior contaminación. Algunos organismos vivos reportados en estos tratamientos son plantas terrestres y acuáticas, hongos, levaduras y bacterias, todos éstos de diversas especies. En cuanto a bacterias se refiere, existe un grupo llamado bacterias reductoras de sulfato (denominadas en lo sucesivo como BRS) que poseen una alta capacidad para bioprecipitar iones metálicos en suelos y agua.
Por lo anterior, se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos ScienceDirect para detectar los avances de estas bacterias en materia de biorremediación de metales pesados. La base de datos mostró 3570 resultados (palabras clave: bacterias reductoras sulfato, metales pesados, aguas residuales industriales). De estos resultados, solamente once publicaciones hacen referencia a las BRS utilizadas para la remoción de metales pesados en aguas residuales, el resto estaban enfocadas al tratamiento de suelos contaminados con estos contaminantes y/o al empleo de otros organismos descontaminantes.
En este trabajo se pretende informar el proceso de bioprecipitación de iones metálicos por efecto de las BRS en aguas residuales industriales y al mismo tiempo dar a conocer algunos aspectos relevantes que deben revisarse durante tal proceso.
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