Revaloración de residuos agrícolas mediante tecnologías verdes: obtención de materiales celulósicos para aplicaciones sostenibles
Palabras clave:
residuos agrícolas, biomasa, celulosa, economía circular, tecnologías verdesResumen
Los residuos agrícolas representan una fuente subutilizada de biomasa lignocelulósica con alto potencial para el desarrollo de materiales con aplicaciones avanzadas. Específicamente, la celulosa es un biopolímero que se encuentra presente en las fibras vegetales de tallos, hojas, cáscaras, etc. Este biopolímero puede ser extraído mediante procesos tecnológicos sostenibles que reducen el impacto ambiental asociado. La presente revisión expone las tecnologías verdes más utilizadas para la obtención de materiales celulósicos, como es el tratamiento hidrotermal por explosión de vapor, la radiación de microondas y los procesos biológicos enzimáticos. Se destacan ventajas y principales aplicaciones, las cuales se enfocan en el desarrollo de plásticos biodegradables, remediación del medio ambiente, tratamiento de agua y fabricación de materiales híbridos para construcción. Estas tecnologías y aplicaciones impactan significativamente en la economía circular, ya que fomentan la valorización de residuos agrícolas, contribuyendo al cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030, en apego a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ods) y la reducción de la huella de carbono asociada a los procesos de obtención de materiales celulósicos mediante los métodos convencionales. Esta revisión pretende servir como una guía integral para investigadores y profesionales interesados en la transición hacia procesos de extracción de celulosa más sostenibles y su aplicación en el desarrollo de productos de alto valor agregado, en alineación con los principios de la economía circular.
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