Influencia de los superplastificantes sobre las propiedades mecánicas del cemento Portland compuesto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68038/n610qr24Palabras clave:
cemento Portland compuesto, materiales cementantes, propiedades mecánicas, trabajabilidad, aditivos químicosResumen
El presente trabajo describe la influencia de los superplastificantes (sp) sobre las propiedades mecánicas y trabajabilidad del cemento Portland compuesto (cpc). Estos aditivos químicos son utilizados para reducir el contenido de agua sin afectar la hidratación del cemento y conjuntamente mejorar la fluidez, resistencia y durabilidad del material. Se describen los principales tipos de superplastificantes: lignosulfatos, formaldehídos de naftaleno sulfonado, formaldehídos de melamina sulfonada y éteres policarboxílicos. Estos últimos muestran un desempeño superior al mantener la trabajabilidad y aumentar la resistencia del material con porcentajes menores al 3 %. Además, se revisaron diversos estudios que demuestran la eficacia de los sp en mezclas de cpc con materiales alternativos, como cenizas volantes, escorias o puzolanas, ya que estos últimos modifican la reología y la cinética de hidratación, lo que hace más evidente el efecto del aditivo sobre la trabajabilidad y las propiedades mecánicas (Argın & Uzal, 2026). En general, una aplicación adecuada de sp reduce la demanda de agua y mejora la trabajabilidad de sistemas cementicios, este artículo aporta una visión integradora que explica, desde fundamentos químicos, por qué su presencia resulta esencial para controlar la dispersión de partículas, la hidratación temprana y el uso eficiente del agua en sistemas cementicios.
Referencias
Akhnoukh, A. K., & Buckhalter, C. (2021). Ultra-high-performance concrete: Constituents, mechanical properties, applications and current challenges. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00559
Argın, G., & Uzal, B. (2026). Compatibility of superplasticizers with natural pozzolan blended cement: Multi-criteria compatibility index through rheology and hydration kinetics. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 30(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2025.2545452
Bullard, J. W., Jennings, H. M., Livingston, R. A., Nonat, A., Scherer, G. W., Schweitzer, J. S., Scrivener, K. L., & Thomas, J. J. (2011). Mechanisms of cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1208–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.011
Cárdenas Pulido, J., Lizarazo-Marriaga, J., & Aperador Chaparro, W. (2016). Comportamiento mecánico de sistemas cementantes binarios (cemento Portland–ceniza volante–escoria de alto horno). Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales, 36(1), 78–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10032113
Cao, P., Huang, X., Bao, S., & Yang, J. (2023). Influence of high-robustness polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the performances of concrete incorporating fly ash and manufactured sand. Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 19(8), 2041–2051. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2023.027399
Chen, J., Zhu, Y., Du, W., Li, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Shi, M., & Xue, B. (2022). Influence of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the properties of cement-fly ash cementitious materials and concrete. Sustainability, 14(20), 13440. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013440
Cheung, J., Jeknavorian, A., Roberts, L., & Silva, D. (2011). Impact of admixtures on the hydration kinetics of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1289–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.005
Darweesh, H. H. M. (2016). Black liquor waste as a cement admixture or cement and concrete admixtures. In F. Pacheco-Torgal, V. Ivanov, N. Karak, & H. Jonkers (Eds.), Biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials (pp. 99–130). Woodhead Publishing.
Elsen, J., Mertens, G., & Snellings, R. (2011). Portland cement and other calcareous hydraulic binders: History, production and mineralogy. European Mineralogical Union Notes in Mineralogy, 9, 441–479. https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.9.11
Flatt, R., & Schober, I. (2012). Superplasticizers and the rheology of concrete. In N. Roussel (Ed.), Understanding the rheology of concrete (pp. 144–208). Woodhead Publishing.
Gaonkar, S., & Madhu. (2021). Impact of different water-cement ratios on concrete strength: A review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 9(1), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.1.0037
Gelardi, G., Mantellato, S., Marchon, D., Palacios, M., Eberhardt, A. B., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Chemistry of chemical admixtures. In P.-C. Aïtcin & R. J. Flatt (Eds.), Science and technology of concrete admixtures (pp. 149–218). Woodhead Publishing.
Huang, R., Xu, L., Xu, Z., Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2024). A review on concrete superplasticizers and their potential applications for enhancing the performance of thermally activated recycled cement. Materials, 17(17), 4170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174170
John, E., & Lothenbach, B. (2023). Cement hydration mechanisms through time – a review. Journal of Materials Science, 58(24), 9805–9833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08651-9
Kapeluszna, E., & Chrabąszcz, K. (2023). Mutual compatibility of superplasticizers (PC, SNF), grinding aids (TEA, glycol) and C3A in Portland cement systems – Hydration, rheology, physical properties and air void characteristics. Construction and Building Materials, 373, 130877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130877
Li, R., Lei, L., & Plank, J. (2022). Impact of metakaolin content and fineness on the behavior of calcined clay blended cements admixed with HPEG PCE superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Composites, 133, 104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104654
Nkinamubanzi, P. C., Mantellato, S., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Superplasticizers in practice. In P.-C. Aïtcin & R. J. Flatt (Eds.), Science and technology of concrete admixtures (pp. 353–377). Woodhead Publishing.
Ochoa Luna, R., & Flores B., E. (1994). Química del cemento: Parte I. Revista de Química, 8(2), 207–214. https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/quimica/article/view/5537
Orozco, M., Avila, Y., Restrepo, S., & Parody, A. (2018). Factores influyentes en la calidad del concreto: Una encuesta a los actores relevantes de la industria del hormigón. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 33(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732018000200161
Ramachandran, V. S., & Malhotra, V. M. (1996). Superplasticizers. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Concrete admixtures handbook (2nd ed., pp. 410–517). William Andrew Publishing.
Rao, U. V. N., Kumar, N. V. S., Kavitha, C., Madhavi, Y., & Chowdary, P. S. (2024). Polycarboxylate superplasticizers used in concrete: A review. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 38, 69–88. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v38.007
Saha, A. K. (2018). Effect of class F fly ash on the durability properties of concrete. Sustainable Environment Research, 28(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2017.09.001
Sathyan, D., & Anand, K. B. (2019). Influence of superplasticizer family on the durability characteristics of fly ash incorporated cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 864–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.171
Tahwia, A. M., Fouda, R. M., Abd Elrahman, M., & Youssf, O. (2023). Long-term performance of concrete made with different types of cement under severe sulfate exposure. Materials, 16(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010240
Valdivieso-Galarza, J. A., Ureta-Centeno, A. A., & Guerra-Mera, J. C. (2025). Influencia del aditivo superplastificante en la resistencia y porosidad del hormigón con varias relaciones agua-cemento. Revista Científica INGENIAR: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación, 8(16), 16–36. https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i16.0281
Wang, F., Du, H., Zheng, Z., Xu, D., Wang, Y., Li, N., Ni, W., & Ren, C. (2024). The impact of fly ash on the properties of cementitious materials based on slag-steel slag-gypsum solid waste. Materials, 17(19), 4696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194696
Wang, X.-H., Fang, Z.-C., & Zheng, L. (2024). Effect of dose and types of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers on concrete strength and durability behaviour: A review. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.20145
Xu, X., Qi, C., Aretxabaleta, X. M., Ma, C., Spagnoli, D., & Manzano, H. (2024). The initial stages of cement hydration at the molecular level. Nature Communications, 15(1), 2731. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46962-w
Zhang, D., & Sun, X. (2023). Efficiencies of Super-Plasticizer on Rheology Properties of Fly Ash-Based Alkali-Activated Materials with Different Ms Waterglass Activators. Polymers, 15(9): 2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092054
