De la etnobotánica a la nanotecnología: Asteraceae como recurso estratégico para la innovación
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68038/3d4tr954Palabras clave:
Asteraceae, compuestos bioactivos, nanotecnología, nanoencapsulación, medicina tradicional, etnobotánicaResumen
México es un país megadiverso con una gran riqueza botánica; entre sus grupos vegetales de interés destaca la familia Asteraceae, por su abundancia y su empleo en la medicina tradicional. Esta revisión analiza el potencial de las Asteraceae como fuente de compuestos bioactivos para aplicaciones nanotecnológicas, considerando su diversidad fitoquímica, que incluye flavonoides, terpenoides, lactonas sesquiterpénicas y ácidos fenólicos con actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas. Asimismo, se examinan las limitaciones de los extractos vegetales convencionales— inestabilidad, baja solubilidad y biodisponibilidad variable— y el aporte potencial de sistemas de nanoencapsulación, como nanoemulsiones, síntesis vesicular y nanopartículas. Finalmente, se discuten aplicaciones potenciales en biomedicina, alimentos, cosmética y biorremediación, así como los principales retos de estandarización, escalamiento y evaluación toxicológica.
Referencias
Abegunde, S. M., Afolayan, B. O., & Ilesanmi, T. M. (2024). Ensuring sustainable plant-assisted nanoparticles synthesis through process standardization and reproducibility: Challenges and future directions – A review. Sustainable Chemistry One World, 3: 100014. DOI: 10.1016/j.scowo.2024.100014.
Adewale, O. B., Egbeyemi, K. A., Onwuelu, J. O., Potts-Johnson, S. S., Anadozie, S. O., Fadaka, A. O., Osukoya, O. A., Aluko, B. T., Johnson, J., Obafemi, T. O., & Onasanya, A. (2020). Biological synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Crassocephalum rubens and their comparative in vitro antioxidant activities. Heliyon, 6(11): e05501. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05501.
Aguilar-Pérez, K. M., Avilés-Castrillo, J. I., Medina, D. I., Parra-Saldivar, R., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2020). Insight Into Nanoliposomes as Smart Nanocarriers for Greening the Twenty-First Century Biomedical Settings. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8: 579536. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579536.
Ahamad, J., Mir, S. R., & Amin, S. (2019). A pharmacognostic review on Artemisia absinthium. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 10(1): 25–31. DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.10015.
Ajao, A. A., & Moteetee, A. N. (2017). Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), an invasive plant of significant ethnopharmacological importance: A review. South African Journal of Botany, 113: 396–403. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.017.
Alonso-Castro, A. J., Zapata-Morales, J. R., Ruiz-Padilla, A. J., Solorio-Alvarado, C. R., Rangel-Velázquez, J. E., Cruz-Jiménez, G., Orozco-Castellanos, L. M., Domínguez, F., Maldonado-Miranda, J. J., Carranza-Álvarez, C., Castillo-Pérez, L. J., Solano, E., Isiodia-Espinoza, M. A., del Carmen Juárez-Vázquez, M., Argueta-Fuertes, M. A., González-Sánchez, I., & Ortiz-Andrade, R. (2017). Use of medicinal plants by health professionals in Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 198: 81–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.038.
Altammar, K. A. (2023). A review on nanoparticles: characteristics, synthesis, applications, and challenges. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14: 1155622. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155622.
Álvarez-Chimal, R., Arenas-Alatorre, J. Á., Marichi-Rodríguez, F., Correa-Prado, R., & Álvarez-Pérez, M. A. (2025). La química verde en la síntesis de nanopartículas y sus propiedades antibacterianas. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 18(34): e69826. DOI: 10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2025.34.69826.
Ameer, K., Shahbaz, H. M., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Green Extraction Methods for Polyphenols from Plant Matrices and Their Byproducts: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(2): 295–315. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12253.
Anaya-Eugenio, G. D., Rivero-Cruz, I., Rivera-Chávez, J., & Mata, R. (2014). Hypoglycemic properties of some preparations and compounds from Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1): 416–425. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.051.
Antony, A., & Farid, M. (2022). Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction. Applied Sciences, 12(4): 2107. DOI: 10.3390/app12042107
Azizkhani, M., Jafari Kiasari, F., Tooryan, F., Shahavi, M. H., & Partovi, R. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of food-grade nanoemulsion of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) essential oil: antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(4): 1341–1348. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04645-6.
Baba, I. A., Awe, O. B., Mustapha, S., Abubakar, M. A., Abdulkareem, A. S., Tijani, J. O., & Obayomi, K. S. (2026). Influence of plant-derived extracts on the synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Hybrid Advances, 13: 100666. DOI: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2026.100666.
Backx, B. P., Santos, M. S. dos, Santos, O. A. L. dos, & Filho, S. A. (2021). The Role of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Antimicrobial Mechanisms. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 22(6): 762–772. DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210202143755.
Barhoum, A., García-Betancourt, M. L., Jeevanandam, J., Hussien, E. A., Mekkawy, S. A., Mostafa, M., Omran, M. M., Abdalla, M. S., & Bechelany, M. (2022). Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. Nanomaterials, 12(2): 177. DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177.
Barrera-Vázquez, O. S., Montenegro-Herrera, S. A., Martínez-Enríquez, M. E., Escobar-Ramírez, J. L., & Magos-Guerrero, G. A. (2023). Selection of Mexican Medicinal Plants by Identification of Potential Phytochemicals with Anti-Aging, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Oxidant Properties through Network Analysis and Chemoinformatic Screening. Biomolecules, 13(11): 1673. DOI: 10.3390/biom13111673.
Bashar, H. M. K., Juraimi, A. S., Ahmad-Hamdani, M. S., Uddin, K., Asib, N., Anwar, P., Rahaman, F., Haque, M. A., & Hossain, A. (2023). Evaluation of allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. methanolic extracts on some selected plants and weeds. PLOS ONE, 18(1): e0280159. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280159.
Bessada, S. M. F., Barreira, J. C. M., & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2015). Asteraceae species with most prominent bioactivity and their potential applications: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 604–615. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.073.
Biorender, & Garcia-Conde, K. B. (2026). Composición fitoquímica de Asteraceae, tomando como modelo representativo a Taraxacum officinale. https://biorender.com/yfp971s
Biorender, & Garcia-Conde, K. B. (2026). Estructura morfológica característica de Asteraceae, ejemplificada con Helianthus annuus L. (girasol). https://biorender.com/kby87fc
Camel, V. (2014). Extraction Methodologies in Plants: General Introduction. In R. A. Mayers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (pp. 1–26). DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a9902.
Castro-Ruiz, J. E., Rojas-Molina, A., Luna-Vázquez, F. J., Rivero-Cruz, F., García-Gasca, T., & Ibarra-Alvarado, C. (2017). Affinin (Spilanthol), Isolated from Heliopsis longipes, Induces Vasodilation via Activation of Gasotransmitters and Prostacyclin Signaling Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1): 218. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010218.
Chadwick, M., Trewin, H., Gawthrop, F., & Wagstaff, C. (2013). Sesquiterpenoids Lactones: Benefits to Plants and People. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(6): 12780. DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612780.
Cilia-López, V. G., Cariño-Cortés, R., & Zurita-Salinas, L. R. (2021). Ethnopharmacology of the Asteraceae Family in Mexico. Botanical Sciences, 99(3): 455–486. DOI: 10.17129/botsci.2715.
Cuevas-Cianca, S. I., González-Campos, R. E., Mejía Méndez, J. L., Sánchez Arreola, E., Juárez, Z. N., & Hernández, L. R. (2023). Anticancer Properties of Mexican Medicinal Plants: An Updated Review. Natural Product Communications, 18(7):1-14. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X231187458.
Cupido, M., De-Nova, J. A., & Cilia-López, V. G. (2024). Evolutionary approaches in ethnobotany of medicinal plants and bioprospecting. Botanical Sciences, 102(1): 26–38. DOI: 10.17129/botsci.3325.
da Silva, R. P. F. F., Rocha-Santos, T. A. P., & Duarte, A. C. (2016). Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 76: 40–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.013.
De Bruyn, C., Ruttink, T., Eeckhaut, T., Jacobs, T., De Keyser, E., Goossens, A., & Van Laere, K. (2020). Establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Witlof (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum). Frontiers in Genome Editing, 2: 604876. DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.604876.
De'Nobili, M. D., Bernhardt, D. C., Basanta, M. F., & Rojas, A. M. (2021). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seed Hull Waste: Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Filler Performance in Pectin-Based Film Composites. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8: 777214. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.777214.
Dewi, M. K., Chaerunisa, A. Y., Muhaimin, M., & Joni, I. M. (2022). Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology. Nanomaterials, 12(22): 4073. DOI: 10.3390/nano12224073.
Dourado, D., Formiga, F. R., Alencar, É. do N., & Reynaud, F. (2026). Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 17(1): 555–558. DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.17.36.
Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4: 177. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177.
Enaru, B., Dretcanu, G., Pop, T. D., Stănilă, A., & Diaconeasa, Z. (2021). Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Their Stability and Degradation. Antioxidants, 10(12): 1967. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121967.
Eshiet, E. R., Zhu, J., & Smith, E. E. (2014). Lyophilized Tea Extracts of Brickellia cavanillesii (Asteraceae): In Vitro Characterization of Biological Activity. Journal of Food Science, 79(7): T1454–T1461. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12519.
Falzon, C. C., & Balabanova, A. (2017). Phytotherapy: An Introduction to Herbal Medicine. Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice, 44(2): 217–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2017.02.001.
Fan, M., Zhang, X., Song, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Dandelion (Taraxacum Genus): A Review of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules, 28(13): 5022. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135022.
Feng, J., Markwalter, C. E., Tian, C., Armstrong, M., & Prud'Homme, R. K. (2019). Translational formulation of nanoparticle therapeutics from laboratory discovery to clinical scale. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17(1): 200. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1945-9.
Fernández-Cortés, J. M., Balderas-Robles, A. A., Dufoo-Hurtado, E., Ramírez-Jiménez, A. K., Ruiz-Campos, G., Madariaga-Navarrete, A., Sharma, A., & Angulo-Bejarano, P. I. (2025). Micropropagation and Phytochemical Characterization of Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.: Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profiles. Plants, 14(24): 3781. DOI: 10.3390/plants14243781.
Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., & Scheffer, J. J. C. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4): 213–226. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1875.
Filho, S. A., & Backx, B. P. (2020). Nanotecnologia e seus impactos na sociedade. Revista Tecnologia e Sociedade, 16(40): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3895/rt.s.v16n40.9870.
Fonseca, S. T. D. da, Pereira, A. M. S., & Lopes, N. P. (2025). Secondary Metabolite Plasticity in Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae) under Environmental and Biological Stressors. ACS Omega, 10(51): 62916. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c08697.
Guadarrama-Reyes, S. C., Morales-Luckie, R. A., Sánchez-Mendieta, V., González-Pedroza, M. G., Lara-Carrillo, E., Velazquez-Enriquez, U., Toral-Rizo, V., & Scougall-Vilchis, R. (2019). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Heterotheca inuloides and Its Antimicrobial Activity in Catgut Suture Threads. In S.M. Averamescu, K. Akhtar, I. Fierascu, S. B. Khan, F. Ali & A. M. Asiri (Eds.), Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69471. Fecha de consulta: 18 de septiembre del 2026
Guzmán Gallardo, F. L. (2025). Comprensión biocultural de las plantas medicinales en México. Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICsa, 13(25): 81–85. DOI: 10.29057/mjmr.v13i25.12390.
Heredia-Castro, P. Y., García-Baldenegro, C. V., Espinosa, A. S., de Jesús Tolano-Villaverde, I., Manzanares-Quin, C. G., Valdez-Domínguez, R. D., Ibarra-Zazueta, C., Osuna-Chávez, R. F., Rueda-Puente, E. O., Hernández-Moreno, C. G., Barrales-Heredia, S. M., & Sosa-Castañeda, J. (2022). Perfil fitoquímico, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de extractos de Gnaphalium oxyphyllum y Euphorbia maculata nativas de Sonora, México. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 13(4): 928–942. DOI: 10.22319/rmcp.v13i4.6042.
Huanbutta, K., Suwanpitak, K., Weeranoppanant, N., Sriamornsak, P., Garg, K., Sharma, S., Singh, I., & Sangnim, T. (2024). Continuous flow synthesis: A promising platform for the future of nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 91: 105265. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105265.
Hufnagel, L., Mics, F., Hufnagel, L., & Mics, F. (2021). Introductory Chapter: Biodiversity of Mexico. In L. Hufnagel (Ed.), Natural History and Ecology of Mexico and Central America. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77384. Fecha de consulta: 14 de abril del 2026.
Iannicelli, J., Guariniello, J., Álvarez, S. P., & Escandón, A. (2018). Usos tradicionales, estado de conservación y avances biotecnológicos para un grupo de plantas aromáticas / medicinales nativas de América. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 17(5): 453–491.
Jaison, J. P., Balasubramanian, B., Gangwar, J., James, N., Pappuswamy, M., Anand, A. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., Valan Arasu, M., Liu, W. C., & Sebastian, J. K. (2023). Green Synthesis of Bioinspired Nanoparticles Mediated from Plant Extracts of Asteraceae Family for Potential Biological Applications. Antibiotics, 12(3): 543. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030543.
Kamble, M. G., Singh, A., Singh, S. V., Kamble, M. G., Sagar, N. A., & Rani, N. (2025). Nanotechnology for encapsulation of bioactive components: a review. Discover Food, 5(1): 116. DOI: 10.1007/s44187-025-00386-7.
Karam, T. K., Ortega, S., Ueda Nakamura, T., Auzély-Velly, R., & Nakamura, C. V. (2020). Development of chitosan nanocapsules containing essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162: 199–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.149.
Khamsehpour, N., Hanifian, H., Nateghpour, M., Raeisi, A., Shabani, M., Hasanpour, G., Khezri, A., Dehdast, S. A., Farivar, L., & Shahsavari, S. (2025). Antiplasmodial Activity of Green-Synthesized MgO Nanoparticles Using Achillea millefolium Against Chloroquine-Resistant and-Sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 17(4): 249. DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v17i4.20071.
Khan, S., Wong, A., Zeb, S., Mortari, B., Villa, J. E. L., & Sotomayor, M. D. P. T. (2023). Characterization of polymeric nanoparticles. In N. Ali, M. Bilal, A. Khan, T. A. Nguyen & R. K. Gupta (Eds.), Smart Polymer Nanocomposites: Design, Synthesis, Functionalization, Properties, and Applications. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780323916110000037?via%3Dihub. Fecha de consulta: 18 de septiembre del 2026
Khattak, A., Ahmad, B., Rauf, A., Bawazeer, S., Farooq, U., Ali, J., Patel, S., El-Sharkawy, E. R., Ikram, R., & Linfang, H. (2019). Green synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of plant-based silver nanoparticles using Quercus semecarpifolia Smith aqueous leaf extract. IET Nanobiotechnology, 13(1): 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1049/IET-NBT.2018.5063.
Konovalov, D. A. (2014). Polyacetylene Compounds of Plants of the Asteraceae Family (Review). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 48(9): 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-014-1159-7.
Kostić, A., Janačković, P., Kolašinac, S. M., & Dajić Stevanović, Z. P. (2020). Balkans' Asteraceae Species as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds for the Pharmaceutical and Food Industry. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(6): 36-41. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000097.
Kour, K., Bandral, J. D., Sood, M., & Bashur, M. (2026). Nanoencapsulation in Food Systems: Techniques, Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Chemical Science Review and Letters, 15(57): 1–5. DOI:10.37273/chesci.cs1720561101.
Kozuharova, E., Malfa, G. A., Acquaviva, R., Spadaro, V., Ionkova, I., Statti, G., & Raimondo, F. M. (2026). The Wild Plants from the Family Asteraceae That Are Traditionally Used for Food in Sicily and Bulgaria and Their Health Benefits. Foods, 15(6): 988. DOI: 10.3390/foods15060988.
Kucharska, E., Wachura, D., Elchiev, I., Bilewicz, P., Gąsiorowski, M., & Pelech, R. (2025). Co-Fermentation of Dandelion Leaves (Taraxaci folium) as a Strategy for Increasing the Antioxidant Activity of Fermented Cosmetic Raw Materials—Current Progress and Prospects. Applied Sciences, 15(16): 9021. DOI: 10.3390/app15169021.
Kustiawan, P. M., Syaifie, P. H., Siregar, K. A. A. K., Ibadillah, D., & Mardliyati, E. (2024). New insights of propolis nanoformulation and its therapeutic potential in human diseases. ADMET and DMPK, 12(1): 1–26. DOI: 10.5599/ADMET.2128.
Lam, P. L., Kok, S. H. L., Bian, Z. X., Lam, K. H., Tang, J. C. O., Lee, K. K. H., Gambari, R., & Chui, C. H. (2014). D-glucose as a modifying agent in gelatin/collagen matrix and reservoir nanoparticles for Calendula officinalis delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 117: 277–283. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.041.
Lessa, F. C. R., Grillo, C. H. B., Pinto, F. E., Lorençon, B. B., Martins, J. D. L., Bertolucci, S. K. V., Pinto, J. E. B. P., & Endringer, D. C. (2012). Efficacy of guaco mouthwashes (Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata) on the disinfection of toothbrushes. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 22(6): 1330–1337. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000115.
Lestari, U., Muhaimin, M., Chaerunisa, A. Y., & Sujarwo, W. (2023). Improved Solubility and Activity of Natural Product in Nanohybrid. Pharmaceuticals, 16(12): 1701. DOI: 10.3390/ph16121701.
Lopes, B. A., Boscardin, P. D., & Campos, P. M. (2023). Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion Containing Volatile Oil of Matricaria recutita L. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 66(Spe): e23230576. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4324-SSBFAR-2023230576.
López Estrada, D., Chang, W. Te, & Heinrich, M. (2025). From "traditional" to modern medicine: A medical and historical analysis of Tagetes erecta L. (Cempasúchil). Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 15(1): 6–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.08.001.
Lv, Y., Li, W., Liao, W., Jiang, H., Liu, Y., Cao, J., Lu, W., & Feng, Y. (2024). Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural Products. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 19: 541–569. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S443692.
Mailander, L. K., Lorenz, P., Bitterling, H., Stintzing, F. C., Daniels, R., & Kammerer, D. R. (2022). Phytochemical Characterization of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Roots and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential. Molecules, 27(23): 8508. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238508.
Mandim, F., Petropoulos, S. A., Dias, M. I., Pinela, J., Kostić, M., Soković, M., Santos-Buelga, C., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., & Barros, L. (2021). Phenolic composition and biological properties of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis petioles: Influence of the maturity stage. Antioxidants, 10(12): 1907. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121907.
Marchese Robinson, R. L., Lynch, I., Peijnenburg, W., Rumble, J., Klaessig, F., Marquardt, C., Rauscher, H., Puzyn, T., Purian, R., Åberg, C., Karcher, S., Vriens, H., Hoet, P., Hoover, M. D., Hendren, C. O., & Harper, S. L. (2016). How should the completeness and quality of curated nanomaterial data be evaluated? Nanoscale, 8(19): 9919–9943. DOI: 10.1039/C5NR08944A.
Martínez-González, R. E., Huerta Martínez, F. M., Neri Luna, C., & Barrientos Ramírez, L. (2024). Ethnobotany of the old neighborhoods from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: the use of medicinal plants. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 23(1): 75–110. DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.24.23.1.6.
Mehdipour, A., Reza, M. A. S., Rasouli, A., Baravati, M. H. J., Jafari, G. A., & Heidari, F. (2024). Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles by hydroalcoholic extract of lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), characterization, and cytotoxic effects on human breast and colon cancer. Scientific Reports, 14(1): 29543. DOI: 10.1038/S41598-024-81295-0.
Mei, B., Xie, H., Xing, H., Kong, D., Pan, X., Li, Y., & Wu, H. (2020). Changes of Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Activities in Diploid and Tetraploid Echinacea purpurea at Different Growth Stages. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 30(4): 510–518. DOI: 10.1007/S43450-020-00069-7.
Mushtaq, A., Mohd Wani, S., Malik, A. R., Gull, A., Ramniwas, S., Ahmad Nayik, G., Ercisli, S., Alina Marc, R., Ullah, R., & Bari, A. (2023). Recent insights into Nanoemulsions: Their preparation, properties and applications. Food Chemistry: X, 18: 100684. DOI: 10.1016/J.FOCHX.2023.100684.
Nature Nanotechnology. (2016). A matter of scale. Nature Nanotechnology, 11(9): 733. DOI: 10.1038/NNANO.2016.180.
Nayak, A. K., Hasnain, M. S., Aminabhavi, T. M., & Torchilin, V. P. (2022). Chapter 1 - Nanovesicular systems in drug delivery. In A. K. Nayak, M. S. Hasnain, T. M. Aminabhavi, & V. P. Torchilin (Eds.), Systems of Nanovesicular Drug Delivery (pp. 1–15). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-91864-0.00026-7.
Nguyen, T. T. N., Vo, T. T., Nguyen, B. N. H., Nguyen, D. T., Dang, V. S., Dang, C. H., & Nguyen, T. D. (2018). Silver and gold nanoparticles biosynthesized by aqueous extract of burdock root, Arctium lappa as antimicrobial agent and catalyst for degradation of pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(34): 34247–34261. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3322-2.
Ojeda, G. A., Arias Gorman, A. M., & Sgroppo, S. C. (2019). Nanotecnología y su aplicación en alimentos. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 12(23): 1–18. DOI: 10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.
OMS, Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2019). WHO Global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. World Health Organization. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312342/9789241515436-eng.pdf?ua=1. Fecha de consulta: 24 de febrero de 2026.
Onyeaka, H., Passaretti, P., Miri, T., & Al-Sharify, Z. T. (2022). The safety of nanomaterials in food production and packaging. Current Research in Food Science, 5: 763–774. DOI: 10.1016/J.CRFS.2022.04.005.
Osman, A. I., Zhang, Y., Farghali, M., Rashwan, A. K., Eltaweil, A. S., Abd El-Monaem, E. M., Mohamed, I. M. A., Badr, M. M., Ihara, I., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P. S. (2024). Synthesis of green nanoparticles for energy, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and food applications: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 22(2): 841–887. DOI: 10.1007/S10311-023-01682-3.
Palacios-Espinosa, J. F., Núñez-Aragón, P. N., Gomez-Chang, E., Linares, E., Bye, R., & Romero, I. (2021). Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana and Two of Its Bioactive Components, Estafiatin and Eupatilin. Molecules, 26(12): 3654. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123654.
Panda, S. K., Da Silva, L. C. N., Sahal, D., & Leonti, M. (2019). Editorial: Ethnopharmacological studies for the development of drugs with special reference to Asteraceae. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10: 483288. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00955.
Paredes, A. J., Asensio, C. M., Llabot, J. M., Allemandi, D. A., & Palma, S. D. (2016). Nanoencapsulation in the food industry: manufacture, applications and characterization. Journal of Food Bioengineering and Nanoprocessing, 1(1): 56–79.
Parveen, K., Banse, V., & Ledwani, L. (2016). Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Their advantages and disadvantages. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1724(1): 020048. DOI: 10.1063/1.4945168.
Patel, S. B., & Sanap, D. P. (2026). Scaling up nanoformulation manufacturing: A multi-case study linking target product profiles, critical quality attributes, and quality by design. OpenNano, 28: 100288. DOI: 10.1016/J.ONANO.2026.100288
Pathak, C., Vaidya, F. U., & Pandey, S. M. (2019). Mechanism for Development of Nanobased Drug Delivery System. In S. S. Mohapatra, S. Ranja, N. Dasgupta, R. K. Mishra & S. Thomas (Eds.), Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B978012814029100003X?via%3Dihub. Fecha de consulta 19 de septiembre del 2026
Pérez Hernández, R. A., Piñón Castillo, H. A., García Hernández, D. M., González Luna, A. R., Chávez Montes, A., Estrada Platas, K. L., & Gutiérrez Soto, J. G. (2025). Uso agrícola de extractos vegetales nanoencapsulados en el control de fitopatógenos y poscosecha. Revista Agro, 3(1): 1–32. DOI: 10.47633/x2m2x827
Pérez-Gutiérrez, S., Campos-Xolalpa, N., Estrada-Barajas, S. A., Carrasco-Carballo, A., Mendoza, A., & Sánchez-Mendoza, E. (2025). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Two Labdane Enantiomers from Gymnosperma glutinosum: An In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Study. Pharmaceuticals, 18(4): 516. DOI: 10.3390/ph18040516.
Perumal, S., Atchudan, R., & Lee, W. (2022). A Review of Polymeric Micelles and Their Applications. Polymers, 14(12): 2510. DOI: 10.3390/POLYM14122510.
Petrova, M., Miladinova-Georgieva, K., & Geneva, M. (2024). Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors on Organogenesis, Biomass Accumulation, and Production of Key Secondary Metabolites in Asteraceae Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(8): 4197. DOI: 10.3390/IJMS25084197.
Piccinin, I. N., Zielinski, A. A. F., & Kuhnen, S. (2022). Invasive plant Bidens pilosa as an ecofriendly antibiofilm-antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus for bovine mastitis control. Organic Agriculture, 13(1): 73–82. DOI: 10.1007/s13165-022-00415-0.
Pietroiusti, A., Stockmann-Juvala, H., Lucaroni, F., & Savolainen, K. (2018). Nanomaterial exposure, toxicity, and impact on human health. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 10(5): e1513. DOI: 10.1002/WNAN.1513.
Reimers, E. A. L., C., E. F., Reimers, D. J. L., Chaloupkova, P., Valle, J. M. Z. del, Milella, L., & Russo, D. (2019). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Papantla, Veracruz, Mexico. Plants, 8(8): 246. DOI: 10.3390/PLANTS8080246.
Rhayem, L., Boussetta, N., Kubo, M. T. K., Merlier, F., Vorobiev, E., & Lebovka, N. (2026). Bioactive Compounds from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): Advances in Extraction Techniques and Applications. Foods, 15(4): 782. DOI: 10.3390/foods15040782.
Rizki, I. N., Astuti, W., Patmawati, P., Firmansyah, M. L., & Jiwanti, P. K. (2026). Extract-dependent size control of silver nanoparticles using tropical artisan tea extracts under identical green synthesis conditions. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 56: 100840. DOI: 10.1016/J.SAJCE.2026.100840.
Rodríguez-Chávez, J. L., Egas, V., Linares, E., Bye, R., Hernández, T., Espinosa-García, F. J., & Delgado, G. (2017). Mexican Arnica (Heterotheca inuloides Cass. Asteraceae: Astereae): Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents and biological properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 195: 39–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.021.
Rodríguez-Hernández, A. A., Flores-Soria, F. G., Patiño-Rodríguez, O., & Escobedo-Moratilla, A. (2022). Sanitary Registries and Popular Medicinal Plants Used in Medicines and Herbal Remedies in Mexico (2001–2020): A Review and Potential Perspectives. Horticulturae, 8(5): 377. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050377.
Rodríguez-Landa, J. F., Cueto-Escobedo, J., Flores-Aguilar, L. Á., Rosas-Sánchez, G. U., Rovirosa-Hernández, M. de J., García-Orduña, F., & Carro-Juárez, M. (2018). The Aqueous Crude Extracts of Montanoa frutescens and Montanoa grandiflora Reduce Immobility Faster Than Fluoxetine Through GABAA Receptors in Rats Forced to Swim. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 23: 2515690X18762953. DOI: 10.1177/2515690X18762953.
Sahu, K., Kurey, R., & Pillai, A. K. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Manilkara zapota leaf extract for the detection of aminoglycoside antibiotics and other applications. RSC Advances, 14(32): 23240–23256. DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01906G.
Salehi, B., Selamoglu, Z., Sevindik, M., Fahmy, N. M., Al-Sayed, E., El-Shazly, M., Csupor-Loffler, B., Csupor, D., Yazdi, S. E., Sharifi-Rad, J., Arserim-Ucar, D. K., Arserim, E. H., Karazhan, N., Jahano, A., Dey, A., Azadi, H., Vakili, S. A., Sharopov, F., Martins, N., & Busselberg, D. (2020). Achillea spp.: A comprehensive review on its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, phytopharmacology and industrial applications. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(4): 78–103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32583790/
Salinas-Rodríguez, M. M., Sajama, M. J., Gutiérrez-Ortega, J. S., Ortega-Baes, P., & Estrada-Castillón, A. E. (2018). Identification of endemic vascular plant species hotspots and the effectiveness of the protected areas for their conservation in Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Journal for Nature Conservation, 46: 6–27. DOI: 10.1016/J.JNC.2018.08.012.
Sammasagi, S. P., Sutar, K. P., & Hooli, S. (2025). Scale-Up and Quality Control Challenges in the Industrial Manufacturing of Nanoformulations: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. IJSAT - International Journal on Science and Technology, 16(2): 1-27. DOI: 10.71097/IJSAT.V16.I2.6473.
Sandhiya, V., & Ubaidulla, U. (2020). A review on herbal drug loaded into pharmaceutical carrier techniques and its evaluation process. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1): 51. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00050-0.
Sanei-Dehkordi, A., Ghasemian, A., Zarenezhad, E., Qasemi, H., Nasiri, M., & Osanloo, M. (2023). Nanoliposomes containing three essential oils from the Artemisia genus as effective larvicides against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 11002. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38284-6.
Sanjana, Priyadharshini, R., Rajeshkumar, S., & Anandan, J. (2025). Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Eclipta prostrata-mediated Calcium Oxide Nanoparticle-incorporated Mouth Rinse. Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology, 14(1): 63–68. DOI: 10.13074/jent.2025.03.243941.
Sansores-España, D., Pech-Aguilar, A. G., Cua-Pech, K. G., Medina-Vera, I., Guevara-Cruz, M., Gutiérrez-Solis, A. L., Reyes-García, J. G., & Avila-Nava, A. (2022). Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine for the Management of Urolithiasis: A Review of Preclinical Evidence, Bioactive Compounds, and Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 27(6): 2008. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062008.
Sapkota, B., & Kunwar, P. (2024). A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Calendula officinalis Linn. Natural Product Communications, 19(6)1: 22. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X241259021.
Sharma, A., Flores-Vallejo, R. del C., Cardoso-Taketa, A., & Villarreal, M. L. (2017). Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used in Mexican traditional medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 208: 264–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.045.
Sharma, M., Bithel, N., & Sharma, M. (2022). Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Nutritional Potential of Medicinal Plants from Asteraceae Family. Journal of Mountain Research, 17(2): 67–83. DOI: 10.51220/jmr.v17i2.7.
Sharma, R., Bhattu, M., Tripathi, A., Verma, M., Acevedo, R., Kumar, P., Rajput, V. D., & Singh, J. (2023). Potential medicinal plants to combat viral infections: A way forward to environmental biotechnology. Environmental Research, 227: 115725. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115725.
Sharma, S., Bharti, R., Thakur, A., Sharma, R., & Verma, M. (2025). Eco-friendly Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Tagetes erecta Leaf Extract for Antioxidant and Anti-Corrosion Application. Orbital: The Electronic Journal of Chemistry, 17(5): 444–455. DOI: 10.17807/orbital.v17i5.22919.
Singh, N. B., Kumar, B., Usman, U. L., & Susan, M. A. B. H. (2024). Nano revolution: Exploring the frontiers of nanomaterials in science, technology, and society. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 39: 101299. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanos.2024.101299.
Sun, S., Yu, Y., Jo, Y., Han, J. H., Xue, Y., Cho, M., Bae, S. J., Ryu, D., Park, W., Ha, K. T., & Zhuang, S. (2025). Impact of extraction techniques on phytochemical composition and bioactivity of natural product mixtures. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16: 1615338. DOI: 10.3389/FPHAR.2025.1615338.
Szopa, A., Pajor, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., Elansary, H. O., Al-Mana, F. A., Mattar, M. A., & Ekiert, H. (2020). Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutic, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses. Plants, 9(9): 1063. DOI: 10.3390/plants9091063.
Tamargo, B., Monzote, L., Piñón, A., Machín, L., García, M., Scull, R., & Setzer, W. N. (2017). In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Essential Oil from Artemisia absinthium L. Formulated in Nanocochleates against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Medicines, 4(2): 38. DOI: 10.3390/MEDICINES4020038.
Tran, X. T., Bien, T. T. L., Tran, T. Van, & Nguyen, T. T. T. (2024). Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of Eclipta prostrata and Piper longum: characterization and assessment of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties. Nanoscale Advances, 6(19): 4885–4899. DOI: 10.1039/D4NA00326H.
Vargas, J., García, L., & Baena, Y. (2023). Nanotechnology and herbal products: Advances and perspectives in the treatment of diabetes and some of its complications. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13(12): 001–014. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.147736.
Velázquez-Vázquez, G., Pérez-Armendáriz, B., Ortega-Martínez, L. D., & Nelly-Juarez, Z. (2019). Ethnobotanical knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in the sierra negra de puebla, Mexico. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 18(3): 265–276. DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.19.18.3.17.
Velgosova, O., Dolinská, S., Podolská, H., Mačák, L., & Čižmárová, E. (2024). Impact of Plant Extract Phytochemicals on the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. Materials, 17(10): 2252. DOI: 10.3390/MA17102252.
Verekar, R., Dessai, S., Ayyanar, M., Nadaf, S., & Gurav, S. (2024). Nanocochleates: Revolutionizing lipid-based drug delivery with enhanced bioavailability, a review. Hybrid Advances, 6: 100215. DOI: 10.1016/J.HYBADV.2024.100215.
Villaseñor, J. L. (2004). Los Géneros de plantas vasculares de la flora de México. Botanical Sciences, 75: 105–135. DOI: 10.17129/botsc1.1694.
Villaseñor, J. L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 87: 559–902. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2016.06.017.
Villaseñor, J. L. (2018). Diversidad y distribución de la familia Asteraceae en México. Botanical Sciences, 96(2): 332–358. DOI: 10.17129/botsc1.1872.
Wang, H., Leeuwenburgh, S. C. G., Li, Y., & Jansen, J. A. (2012). The use of micro- and nanospheres as functional components for bone tissue regeneration. Tissue Engineering - Part B: Reviews, 18(1): 24–39. DOI: 10.1089/TEN.TEB.2011.0184.
Yien, R. M. K., Matos, A. P. dos S., Gomes, A. C. C., Garófalo, D. de A., Santos-Oliveira, R., Simas, N. K., & Ricci-Júnior, E. (2023). Nanotechnology Promoting the Development of Products from the Biodiversity of the Asteraceae Family. Nutrients, 15(7): 1610. DOI: 10.3390/nu15071610.
Younas, M., Drouet, S., Nadeem, M., Giglioli-Guivarc'h, N., Hano, C., & Abbasi, B. H. (2018). Differential accumulation of silymarin induced by exposure of Silybum marianum L. callus cultures to several spectres of monochromatic lights. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 184: 61–70. DOI: 10.1016/J.JPHOTOBIOl.2018.05.018.
Zapata-Morales, J. R., Alonso-Castro, A. J., Domínguez, F., Carranza-Álvarez, C., Isiordia-Espinoza, M., Hernández-Morales, A., & Solorio-Alvarado, C. (2017). The antinociceptive effects of a standardized ethanol extract of the Bidens odorata Cav (Asteraceae) leaves are mediated by ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 207: 30–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.021.
Zarate-Escobedo, J., Castañeda-González, E. L., Cuevas-Sánchez, J. A., Carrillo-Fonseca, C. L., Ortiz-Torres, C., Ibarra-Estrada, E., & Serrato-Cruz, M. A. (2018). Essential oil of some populations of Tagetes lucida Cav. from the Northern and Southern regions of the State of Mexico. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana, 41(2): 199–209. DOI: 10.35196/rfm.2018.2.199-209.
