Extracción asistida por ultrasonido/microonda y evaluación de las propiedades funcionales de compuestos bioactivos de cáscara de granada (Punica granatum L.)
Palabras clave:
Tecnologías emergentes, Actividades biológicas, Aplicación industrial.Resumen
La granada (Punica granatum L.), es una fruta tropical y subtropical originaria de Asia que ha sido investigada en los últimos años, debido a los compuestos bioactivos que posee. Se estima que la industria del jugo de granada produce en todo el mundo aproximadamente 1.9 millones de toneladas métricas de cáscara de granada, como residuos agroindustriales, ya que sólo se utilizan los arilos y se deshecha la cáscara, que comprende alrededor del 50% del peso total de la fruta. Este residuo puede utilizarse, debido a que contiene una alta concentración de compuestos fenólicos, los cuales han demostrado poseer alta capacidad antioxidante, entre otras actividades biológicas tales como la antimicrobiana y la antiviral.
En este trabajo se experimentaron tecnologías emergentes como el microondas, el ultrasonido y la tecnología híbrida de ambas técnicas; en la extracción de compuestos bioactivos de la cáscara de granada. Los resultados muestran que la extracción con tecnología híbrida consiguió el mayor contenido polifenólico (377.77 mg GAE/g de cáscara seca de granada). El análisis HPLC/MS/ESI mostró que la punicalagina, la punicalina y el ácido elágico son los compuestos mayoritarios presentes en dicha cáscara. Estos compuestos obtuvieron resultados positivos en los ensayos biológicos, a saber, la actividad antioxidante evaluada por los ensayos de DPPH y ABTS mostraron un resultado favorecedor con un 79.31% y 100%, respectivamente, de capacidad antioxidante. La actividad antimicrobiana con E. coli y Salmonella spp. resultó con diámetros de inhibición de 8.40 y 4.18 mm. También demostró tener un efecto para el estímulo de crecimiento de la bacteria Lactobacillus brevis. Para finalizar, los compuestos fenólicos recuperados de la cáscara de granada no mostraron actividad como resultado de los ensayos de toxicidad celular. Siendo todo este conjunto de resultados favorecedores y prometedores para la fabricación de productos en la industria farmacéutica, alimentaria y cosmética.
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