Equilibrio Económico
type: channel
description: Revista Equilibrio Económico es una publicación semestral editada por la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, México, dedicada a publicar los más recientes avances de todos los campos de la Economía, la Política y las ciencias sociales (historia económica, sociología, demografía, geografía económica, economía regional, planeación, economía ambiental, finanzas, entre otras). La meta de esta revista es llegar a ser una plataforma donde científicos, académicos y ensayistas promocionen, compartan y discutan los diversos desarrollos y problemas relacionados con la edificación y aplicación del conocimiento a la sociedad.
publisher: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
language: en
publication name: Equilibrio Económico
issn: 2007-3666
items: Counterfactual Simulation of the Impact of Universal Health and Social Security Coverage on Poverty in Quintana Roo, Mexico
items: Youth Building the Future: An estimate of labor insertion in Mexico and by region
items: Extreme poverty and food insecurity: consumption pattern, Mexico 2020
items: Vehicle Ownership Tax and Fleet Renewal in Mexico: Evidence from an Adjusted Structural Index
items: Knowledge, Innovation, Sustainability and Circular Economy: Effects on Environmental and Financial Performance
items: La fiscalización superior local y la Agenda 2030 en México
items: Quantification of the Impact of Some Variables on Motorcycle Use in Mexican States 1997-2022
items: Institutions, Contracts, and Economic Growth: What China Can Teach Latin America
items: Institutional quality and economic competitiveness: A study of the Mexican states
items: Nonlinear Effects of Extreme Weather on Regional Electricity Demand in Mexico
items: Presentación
items: Analysis of the Impact of the Financial Discipline Law for Federal Entities and Municipalities on the Budgetary Balance of Mexican State Public Universities
items: Structural Equation Modeling Towards the Evaluation of Industry 4.0 in Automotive Organizations
items: Development of Machinery for Cutting Aluminum Profiles through Structure/Base and Poka-Yoke Device
items: Sustainable Cities and Communities: A Strategic Social Vision – Sustainable Development Objective
items: Green Criminological Study of Illegal Economy in Wildlife Trafficking. Case Study of Six Specimens in Northeastern Mexico
items: Human Capital as an Agent of Change in 21st Century Organizations
items: Cutting-edge Issues in the Economics of Climate Change in Mexico and Latin America
items: Opportunities and Considerations for the Development of the Circular Economy in the Mexican Countryside
items: Using Socio-Ecological Systems to Reduce Social Inequalities: A Case Study of Laguna Ojo de Liebre
items: CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in the Latin American Region
items: New Tensions: World of Work and Labour Policies in Latin America
items: Tensions and Challenges in the Construction of Trade Union Power. Chile in the Context of a Latin America in Movement
items: Pattern of Capital Reproduction and Relative Worker Overpopulation in Paraguay
items: The Manufacturing-Exporting Pattern and the Prolonged Assault on Labor in Mexico
items: Labor Legislation and Labor Market Trends in Post-Convertibility Argentina
items: Innovation, Sustainability and Development: Perspectives for Contemporary Economic Challenges
items: Factors Influencing Labor Welfare to Increase Employee Productivity in Manufacturing Companies of the Industrial Sector in Reynosa, Tamaulipas
items: National Financial Inclusion Survey. Significance Analysis of Key Indicators in the Income of the Mexican Population in 2021
items: The Evolution of Well-being: A Review of Approaches and Measurement Methodologies

Counterfactual Simulation of the Impact of Universal Health and Social Security Coverage on Poverty in Quintana Roo, Mexico
type: item
description: This article assesses the potential impact of guaranteeing universal access to social security and health services on multidimensional poverty in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Using the decomposition methodology developed by Datt and Ravallion, counterfactual scenarios are constructed based on microdata from the 2022 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey. The analysis shows that eliminating deprivation in access to social security would have a more significant effect than universal health coverage in reducing poverty, particularly extreme poverty. The findings suggest that expanding access to these social rights is an effective strategy to mitigate structural poverty in contexts of high labor informality. The study provides empirical evidence to inform public policies focused on equitable access to social protection.
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creator: MIGUEL ÁNGEL BARRERA-ROJAS
creator: EMMANUEL SALVADOR RAMÍREZ MONROY
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 81
ending page: 103

Youth Building the Future: An estimate of labor insertion in Mexico and by region
type: item
description: It is common for unemployment to affect young people more, and the regional aspect plays a significant role. In Mexico, strategies have been implemented since 1984, among the most recent, the Youth Building the Future program (JCF for its initials in Spanish). The objective of this work is to determine the effect of labor insertion on the eligible groups of the program and to evaluate its impact at the national and regional levels. The matching technique based on propensity score matching in attributes is employed, using the Mahalanobis distance and the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (ENIGH) from 2020 and 2022. The databases correspond to the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The average treatment effect in the eligible groups (ATT and ATE) was estimated. The findings highlight, at the national level, a positive and statistically significant ATE and ATT where 4 out of 10 young people achieve labor insertion, while, by regions, the South-Southeast obtained a level of insertion with 4.4 out of 10 (ATT= 0.44) even though the enrollment of JCF is the highest in participation in this region. While the northern region achieved the highest insertion level, with 5 out of 10 beneficiaries (ATT= 0.536) showing a greater labor absorption capacity in their formal markets.
subject: Artículos
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creator: ASTRID ORTIZ FIGUEROA
creator: LUIS HUESCA REYNOSO
creator: LINDA IRENE LLAMAS REMBAO
creator: JOAQUÍN BRACAMONTES NEVÁREZ
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 63
ending page: 75

Extreme poverty and food insecurity: consumption pattern, Mexico 2020
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description: Food insecurity can be seen as a form of extreme poverty, since it is defined based on the lack of income necessary to acquire the food basket that provides a situation of nutritional well-being. This article evaluates the existing indicators of food insecurity in Mexico, proposes an alternative indicator that deepens the study of food insecurity, evaluates food consumption patterns by groups of individuals, analyzes the poverty gap of income indicator and builds redistribution scenarios through a microsimulation model. Finally, the impact of the Mexican redistributive policy on the poor and non-poor of income population is estimated. The results confirm the main hypothesis of the research, demonstrating that the official methodology underestimates food insecurity; specifically, it was found that: i) 6.2% of the population living in extreme poverty of income is incorrectly classified as having "food security" despite their insufficient income; ii) more than 50% of the population living in extreme poverty does not consume the minimum recommended amounts of protein and micronutrients; and iii) there is a deficiency in the targeting of redistributive policies.
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creator: MARCO ANTONIO PÉREZ-MÉNDEZ
creator: JOCABED SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ JOCABED SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 45
ending page: 61

Vehicle Ownership Tax and Fleet Renewal in Mexico: Evidence from an Adjusted Structural Index
type: item
description: This study proposes a composite index to measure the structural capacity for vehicle fleet renewal in Mexico, incorporating income, private transport spending, and vehicle access. Results show that eliminating vehicle ownership tax is associated with higher renewal potential, while its persistence decouples income from effective modernization, particularly in border regions. The adjusted index identifies fiscal and structural barriers and provides a useful tool for designing differentiated incentives. The evidence supports rethinking vehicle taxes as public policy instruments aimed at sustainability and fleet efficiency.
subject: Artículos
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creator: PERLA ROCÍO ARELLANO SALAZAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 27
ending page: 47

Knowledge, Innovation, Sustainability and Circular Economy: Effects on Environmental and Financial Performance
type: item
description: This study analyzes the relationship between knowledge management, innovation, sustainability practices and circular economy practices, as well as their impact on environmental and financial performance in Mexican manufacturing companies. A validated questionnaire was administered to 159 companies in the manufacturing industry, and partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied, including tests of convergent validity, discriminant validity, predictive power, and effect sizes. The results indicate that knowledge management significantly influences innovation and indirectly affects sustainability and circular economy prectices. Innovation, in turn, positively influences the adoption of sustainable and circular practices, which subsequently enhance environmental performance. Likewise, environmental performance has a direct and significant effect on financial performance. The model confirms that it is possible to integrate sustainability and competitiveness, demystifying the debate between profitability and environmental responsibility. These findings provide an empirical and theoretical framework applicable in emerging economies, with implications for the design of public policies and business strategies that promote the transition to a circular economy.
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creator: BERTHA LUCÍA SANTOS-HERNÁNDEZ
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 5
ending page: 25

La fiscalización superior local y la Agenda 2030 en México
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description: This article analyzes the importance of auditing the progress of the 2030 Agenda and its goals at the local level. Through a literature review, it was found that performance audits are the most appropriate when reviewing the work of governments in their attempt to achieve the goals of this action plan. The Federal Supreme Audit Office has carried out relevant auditing work in this area; however, there are still areas of opportunity that should be covered at the subnational level, so a series of elements are proposed that, when designed as a performance audit, can be implemented at the state and municipal level by any of the local supreme audit institutions, in order to contribute to the monitoring, progress and achievement of the 2030 Agenda in Mexico.
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creator: ALBERTO DAMIÁN FLORES ARAUJO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 91
ending page: 106

Quantification of the Impact of Some Variables on Motorcycle Use in Mexican States 1997-2022
type: item
description: The objective is to identify and quantify the determinants of motorcycle use in México, this use has increased rapidly in recent years. A panel model with fixed effects is estimated for the states. The results indicate that variables with the greatest impact are income, number of automobiles and number of trucks; furthermore, motorcycles are not an inferior good and are complementary to automobile use. It is recognized that a limitation of the study is that state-level results cannot be generalized to cities. The study contributes in terms of originality, as there are few works analyzing motorcycle use or ownership at state level in Mexico. It is concluded that motorcycle use may be due to various factors, among which traffic congestion stands out.
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creator: IGNACIO JAVIER CRUZ RODRÍGUEZ
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 75
ending page: 90

Institutions, Contracts, and Economic Growth: What China Can Teach Latin America
type: item
description: The objective of this study is to investigate whether the ability to enforce contracts is a significant determinant of economic growth and to generate knowledge for Latin America. Data from 30 provinces and 24 industries in China during the period 2000–2010 were analyzed. This period was selected due to the abundance of available data. The research measured contract intensity through the proportion of intermediate inputs that require relationship-specific investments. The results indicate that efficient contract enforcement has a positive effect on economic growth, and confirm the theoretical predictions developed, showing that higher contract intensity, when combined with strong contract enforcement, is associated with more robust economic growth. From a practical perspective, they highlight the importance of strengthening contract enforcement mechanisms to foster economic growth. Theoretically, the study provides empirical evidence supporting the idea that contract enforcement is a crucial component in economic development.
subject: Artículos
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creator: LUIS ALFREDO ÁVILA-LÓPEZ
creator: CAROLINA ZAYAS-MÁRQUEZ
creator: JORGE ALFONSO GALVÁN-LEÓN
creator: RENE ANDREI GUERRERO-VAZQUEZ
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 59
ending page: 74

Institutional quality and economic competitiveness: A study of the Mexican states
type: item
description: This paper aims to identify the key factors influencing competitiveness across Mexico’s sates. To achieve this, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed, a multivariate statistical technique that condenses a large number of variables into a smaller set of components, capturing the underlying interaction and variability between institutional factors and competitiveness. The analysis is based on a dataset compiled from the Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), covering the period from 2001 to 2021. The findings reveal that competitiveness in Mexico is not driven exclusively by economic variables; institutional dimensions such as government efficiency, the rule of law, and the political system also play a significant role. These results offer important implications for the formulation and implementation of public policies aimed at enhancing institutional quality nationwide.
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creator: JONATHAN FLORES PÉREZ
creator: EVA ALEJANDRA LOPEZ LOZANO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 35
ending page: 57

Nonlinear Effects of Extreme Weather on Regional Electricity Demand in Mexico
type: item
description: This study examines the non-linear relationship between climate change and electricity demand. In theory, extreme temperatures drive increased electricity consumption while moderate temperatures reduce demand, creating threshold effects that establish nonlinearity. This hypothesis is tested with ARDL regression techniques (Autoregressive Distributed Lags) including autoregressive and quadratic terms. The empirical analysis focuses on Mexico and its regions using monthly data for the period 2002-2019. Non-linear behavior is confirmed for the national series and two thirds of the Mexican regions. The sensitivity of electricity consumption to extreme temperature variations is measured and the threshold values that trigger an accelerated increase in energy demand during periods of intense cold and heat are determined. The results reveal that, at the national level, electricity demand experiences significant increases when temperatures drop below 11.6°C or exceed 30.6°C. These thermal thresholds vary according to the particular climatic characteristics of each region of the country. It is recommended to integrate the regional impacts of climate into energy policies, particularly in electricity supply planning, as this is a key element for sustainable growth.
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creator: VICENTE GERMÁN-SOTO
creator: JESÚS ALONSO HERNÁNDEZ BLANCO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 34

Presentación
type: item
description: A medida que el crecimiento económico mundial continúa desacelerándose, investigadores del mundo académico y de la industria están prestando cada vez más atención a cuestiones ambientales y sociales, incluyendo la cultura. Este enfoque es reconocido como uno de los principios fundamentales para el crecimiento económico a nivel global. (Jhally, 2022) Por otro lado, el capital humano, que se refiere a los conocimientos y habilidades que poseen las personas, es considerado como un potencial creador de valor y fuente de producción e ingresos. Los estudios económicos regionales han demostrado que hay una correlación directa entre la acumulación de capital humano y el crecimiento económico, destacando su importancia tanto en teoría económica, investigación empírica, como en políticas públicas. Algunos países en desarrollo han integrado el capital humano en sus planes nacionales de progreso, invirtiendo significativos recursos financieros para fomentar el crecimiento económico. (Mengesha y Singh, 2023) Además, los ajustes o diseños industriales no solo impulsan el desarrollo económico, sino que también influyen en la disparidad de ingresos entre zonas urbanas y rurales a través de la asignación de recursos. Esto demuestra que las áreas económicamente desarrolladas pueden lograr tanto el desarrollo económico como la mejora de los medios de vida, a diferencia de las áreas menos desarrolladas. (Han y Jiang, 2023) En el ámbito de la economía colaborativa, se observa la implementación de formas sociales cooperativas que integran las relaciones económicas con las sociales. Diversas técnicas y herramientas han sido aplicadas en investigaciones para analizar estas formas de integración económica y social. (País y Provasi, 2015) José Ramón Peralta Jiménez, de la Universidad Politécnica del Golfo de México, aborda en su artículo "El capital humano como agente de cambio en las organizaciones del siglo XXI" la cuestión de cómo empoderar al ser humano dentro de la organización, realiza…
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
creator: Gabriela Cervantes Zubirías
creator: Mario Alberto Morales Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Analysis of the Impact of the Financial Discipline Law for Federal Entities and Municipalities on the Budgetary Balance of Mexican State Public Universities
type: item
description: This paper reviews the impact of fiscal rules (which for the case of subnational public entities in Mexico are established with the Financial Discipline Law of the Federal Entities and Municipalities) on the budget balance of the State Public Universities of the country. It seeks to find quantitative evidence that allows knowing if the law has stimulated a better financial performance of these universities. Using Student's t-test, it was found that it has not improved, for the period 2018 - 2021, the budget balance indicator in relation to that of the period 2014 - 2017​.
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creator: Jesús Javier González Alcázar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 110
ending page: 133

Structural Equation Modeling Towards the Evaluation of Industry 4.0 in Automotive Organizations
type: item
description: The objective is to carry out a study on Industry 4.0. A K-Means test was applied where it was classified into four groups. The study variables were processes, social responsibility, people, product, and industry administration. A structural equation model (SEM) was carried out for a population of 16 distributors located in the municipalities of Tampico, Madero, and Altamira in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The instrument has a total of 30 questions and was validated with Cronbach's alpha test with SPSSv24. The results urge organizations to optimize their manufacturing systems and reduce costs​.
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creator: Marco Antonio Díaz Martínez
creator: Reina Verónica Román Salinas
creator: Santos Ruíz Hernández
creator: Gabriela Cervantes Zubirías
creator: Mario Alberto Morales Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 90
ending page: 109

Development of Machinery for Cutting Aluminum Profiles through Structure/Base and Poka-Yoke Device
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description: Teknovidrio is a company that offers its services of study and design of projects, where a problem was identified when drilling because it does not have any automation tool, it is done manually, causing loss of time and errors when drilling due to defects in the measures. In the results, the realization of the designs of two tools stands out; one of them is a structure/base which allows making perforations and avoiding defects, and the other tool is a Poka-Yoke system which allows avoiding errors when making the perforations​.
subject: Artículos
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creator: Julio Enrique Reyes Vázquez
creator: Susana Reyes Vázquez
creator: José Alfonso Soto Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 66
ending page: 89

Sustainable Cities and Communities: A Strategic Social Vision – Sustainable Development Objective
type: item
description: The concept of sustainable development has various meanings and connotations and that, based on these, the participation of society is stipulated and emphasized for the progression towards compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The objective of the research is to determine the main characteristics that make a city sustainable and to know what actions must be implemented. The applied methodology consisted of a search and analysis of updated scientific information in the main databases. As a result of this, the main characteristics of a sustainable society focus on integrating society with actions that generate value​.
subject: Artículos
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creator: Gabriela Cervantes Zubirías
creator: Mario Alberto Morales Rodríguez
creator: Lisset Anel Alva Rocha
creator: Fátima Yedith Camacho Sánchez
creator: Marco Antonio Díaz Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 46
ending page: 65

Green Criminological Study of Illegal Economy in Wildlife Trafficking. Case Study of Six Specimens in Northeastern Mexico
type: item
description: This study analyses the economic dynamics of the illegal trade and possession of exotic animals in northeastern Mexico. Through a qualitative methodological approach, it was identified that the price of acquisition is not related to the category of conservation risk but is ascribed to a cultural factor. It was identified that the cost of acquisition and maintenance expenses are related to the species and the study group. It was concluded that the economic dynamics of illegal trafficking and possession of exotic animals are related to other forms of illegal trafficking in the context of security in the region​.
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creator: José Luis Carpio Domínguez
creator: Jesús Ignacio Castro Salazar
creator: Carolina Landero Pérez
creator: Dinorah del Carmen Torres Alfaro
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 25
ending page: 45

Human Capital as an Agent of Change in 21st Century Organizations
type: item
description: Human capital, also called intellectual capital, is the main component of contemporary organizations. The globalized environment requires considering people as agents of change and transformation. That’s why entities must provide and procure the necessary elements to enhance and empower people and reconsider their status within them at a different level from that of others. components of the organizational structure. The present theoretical review serves as a preamble to identify the state of the art that currently exists in the role of human capital and its projection within organizations​.
subject: Artículos
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creator: José Ramón Peralta Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 24

Cutting-edge Issues in the Economics of Climate Change in Mexico and Latin America
type: item
description: Este número de Equilibrio Económico ofrece a los y las lectoras una oportunidad para adentrarse en temas no sólo de vanguardia académica sino de suma relevancia práctica en lo que se refiere a la Economía del Cambio Climático en México y América Latina. Específicamente, él y la lectora se adentrarán en la relación entre el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) con una perspectiva regional latinoamericana (Sánchez-Juárez et al., 2024); en la implementación del Enfoque Socio Ecológico para que la conservación de recursos naturales no implique un incremento en desigualdades sociales (Carreño-León et al., 2024); y en la exploración del potencial de la Economía Circular para que el campo mexicano enfrente los retos del cambio climático (García López et al., 2024). Enfocándose en seis países de América Latina –Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México y Perú—, y analizando datos para el período que abarca los años 1990 a 2019, Sánchez-Juárez et al. (2024) documentan que el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de CO2 están correlacionados y cointegrados, pero sólo en Chile y Perú guardan una relación causal en el sentido de Granger –aun cuando la varianza de las emisiones de CO2 en todos los países está explicada en un 78% en promedio por la varianza del PIB. El mensaje general de estos resultados es que la evidencia de una relación causal entre crecimiento y emisiones de CO2 no es tan contundente para América Latina como lo es en otras regiones –por ejemplo, en Europa (Pata et al., 2023). Las implicaciones de 1 Profesor-investigador, Departamento de Economía Forestal, y Centro de Investigación en Economía Ambiental y de Recursos (CERE), Universidad de Ciencias Agrícolas de Suecia (SLU). adan.martinez.cruz@slu.se esta falta de contundencia se entienden mejor a la luz de la hipótesis detrás de la curva de Kuznets: el crecimiento económico genera contaminación hasta que se alcanza un nivel de crecimiento, a partir del cual se reducen las emision…
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
creator: Adán L. Martínez Cruz
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Opportunities and Considerations for the Development of the Circular Economy in the Mexican Countryside
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description: Because of its "extract-make-pull" configuration, the current production system is called a linear economy and encompasses all stages of production. Similarly, agriculture focuses on the exploitation of resources, with the consequent generation of negative impacts on the environment. An alternative to the current linear model is the so-called circular economy, where the circularity of processes is sought. The application of the circular economy in agriculture is seen as an alternative to develop a sustainable approach to agriculture. However, to validate this assumption, an analysis of the implications of its appropriateness within the agricultural system is necessary. This research aims to discuss the opportunities and considerations of applying the circular economy in the Mexican countryside based on the critique of development theory. Thus, an analysis of the discourse of the concepts that emanate from sustainability is carried out, therefore, one of the main conclusions is the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment and the application of the circular economy model to recirculate resources such as nutrients, water, and materials is explored. Finally, some case studies that have applied the circular economy in the region of Libres, Puebla are shared​.
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creator: Daniel Alejandro García López
creator: Francisco Hernández Quinto
creator: Sagrario Alejandre Apolinar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 61
ending page: 99

Using Socio-Ecological Systems to Reduce Social Inequalities: A Case Study of Laguna Ojo de Liebre
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description: There are diverse ecological systems in Mexico with an environmental and social function in rural communities. On the other hand, several studies show that there is a natural vocation to achieve the sustainable development that Mexico needs, but it is essential to consider specific research for each environment to ensure long-term viability. The case study of the Socio-Ecological System (SSE) of the Laguna Ojo de Liebre (LOL) natural protected area (NPA), located in the north of the state of BCS, where fishing, aquaculture, tourism, and salt extraction coexist, is presented. Fishing has been a source of family livelihood in the area for decades. Five groups of key actors were identified: Users, Companies, Non-Governmental Organizations, Government Institutions and Educational and Research Institutions. The key resources identified are fishing resources, aquaculture resources, research, tourism, and salt extraction. It is concluded that this is a resilient community, however, it is necessary to implement public policies that allow the diversification of sustainable economic activities to limit the extractive activity and reduce inequality gaps, as well as the intensification of environmental education programs that generate greater user awareness of the importance of their environment in their own well-being​.
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creator: Diana Patricia Carreño-León
creator: Víctor Hernández Trejo
creator: Armando Monge Quevedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 33
ending page: 60

CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in the Latin American Region
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description: The objective of this paper is to verify the econometric causal relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in a sample of six Latin American countries from 1990 to 2019 (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru). The hypothesis is that the greater the economic activity measured by GDP, the greater the emission of pollutants, particularly CO2. To verify it, time series taken from ECLAC of CO2 emissions in thousands of tons and total GDP in millions of dollars were used. Stationarity of the series was evaluated, VAR models were estimated, impulse-response functions, cointegration and Granger causality were calculated and finally, the variance decomposition method was applied. The main result was that for the region there is correlation and cointegration between the series studied; however, no causality was found in the Granger sense, although it is shown that the variance of CO2 emissions, after a 10-year shock, seems to be explained on average by 78% by the variance of GDP. This result, with some differences, remains at the level of the six countries in the sample. Therefore, it is urgent to move towards sustainable growth​.
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creator: Isaac Sánchez Juárez
creator: Rosa María García Almada
creator: Ninfa Stella Chávez Gutiérrez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 32

New Tensions: World of Work and Labour Policies in Latin America
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description: Este dossier nos conduce al corazón del debate político académico en torno a la situación laboral de América Latina. Con distintos abordajes los cuatro artículos que lo componen buscan discutir el mismo problema. Podría parecer una obviedad que brota de la simple formalidad de responder a una misma convocatoria. Sin embargo, en muchos casos los papers en números temáticos solo rozan de un modo más o menos parcial y superficial el interrogante de fondo que los convoca. No es este el caso. Más allá de que cada artículo se concentra en una realidad nacional diferente que se estudia a través de observables distintos, todos comparten la búsqueda de resolver un interrogante común. En todos los casos hay también una mirada histórica de mediano plazo que permite discutir las grandes tendencias que operan en la región, por encima de los tiempos más cortos de los diferentes gobiernos. Todos los trabajos incorporan referencias pertinentes a otras experiencias dentro de la región, lo que favorece las reflexiones comparativas y el diálogo entre estas investigaciones. Por estos motivos, el dossier, como unidad, tiene un valor que excede los aportes individuales de cada artículo. 1 Doctora en historia, investigadora independiente del CONICET radicada en el INDEAL -Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios e Investigaciones de América Latina-, docente de la UBA -Universidad de Buenos Aires-, presidenta del CEICS -Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales. Uno de los ejes comunes de los artículos es el análisis de la fragmentación de la clase obrera y sus condiciones de empleo. Dentro de esas fracciones se destaca la sobrepoblación relativa que incluye, pero no se limita a los desempleados, como bien explican Ianina Harari y Alhelí González Cáceres en sus artículos sobre Argentina y Paraguay. Nos encontramos frente a estados naciones que en su configuración económica actual no pueden garantizar empleo productivo (en condiciones medias de productividad) al conjunto de …
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
creator: Marina Kabat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Tensions and Challenges in the Construction of Trade Union Power. Chile in the Context of a Latin America in Movement
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description: In this paper, the trade union landscape in Chile, its sources of power, and its challenges is presented in the context of a constantly changing Latin America are analysed. To do so, we use the Power Resources Theory and compile historical and statistical data. In light of profound transformations in the structure of the work world, Chile's working class faces new challenges after more than 40 years of the labor law imposed during the dictatorship and still in force​.
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creator: Karina Narbona Tapia
creator: Gonzalo Durán Sanhueza
creator: Vicente Mellado Carrasco
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 83
ending page: 109

Pattern of Capital Reproduction and Relative Worker Overpopulation in Paraguay
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description: The full unfolding of capitalist social relations presupposes in itself the dissociation between labor power and the conditions under which labor is performed. The process of accumulation in its becoming involves the normal realization of value as the primary condition of accumulation. This logic imposes a dynamic that demands an increase in the productivity of labor within the framework of the competitive struggle between the different capitals that dispute among themselves the appropriation of surplus value. In other words, the organic composition of capital shows a tendency towards an increase in the proportion of constant capital to the detriment of variable capital, resulting in a surplus of working people who do not find the space to valorize their labor power. This article analyses the specificities of the process of capitalist accumulation in Paraguay by operationalizing the categories: pattern of reproduction and relative overpopulation. The study is based on a theoretical and documentary review, supported by statistical data from various sources, including official ones. The findings suggest that the condition of accumulation in Paraguay favors, on the one hand, the predominance of the reproduction of surplus capital and, on the other, that of a rising relative overpopulation. Both conditions are evidence of a tendency towards the destruction of the productive capacities of the economy as a whole and of the general conditions of social reproduction of the labor force​.
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creator: Alhelí González Cáceres
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 57
ending page: 82

The Manufacturing-Exporting Pattern and the Prolonged Assault on Labor in Mexico
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description: Based on a theoretical-conceptual study accompanied by documentary research, this article aims to analyze the characteristics of the world of work in Mexico since the implementation of the manufacturing export pattern and to locate the recent changes in labor matters under the government of the self-called Fourth Transformation (4T). This work maintains that in the last four decades there was a great attack by capital against labor in Mexico, which was to impose new labor dynamics, employer reforms and working conditions that allowed reinforcing the processes and relationships of super-exploitation of the workforce and give the necessary requirements to promote the new manufacturing-exporting pattern​.
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creator: Héctor Ignacio Martínez Álvarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 30
ending page: 56

Labor Legislation and Labor Market Trends in Post-Convertibility Argentina
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description: In this article the recent labor history of Argentina is reviewed. After the 2001 crisis, a trend that began in the mid-1970s towards fragmentation or heterogenization, increased precariousness and a fall in wages deepened. The labor reforms of recent decades, far from improving the quality of employment, have aggravated the situation. In light of this, we also evaluate the perspectives that open up with the policies that are promoted with the new government​.
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creator: Ianina Harari
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 29

Innovation, Sustainability and Development: Perspectives for Contemporary Economic Challenges
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description: El presente número de Equilibrio Económico. Revista de Economía, Política y Sociedad reúne un total de ocho artículos que ofrecen un espacio de reflexión sobre las dinámicas económicas y sociales que configuran los retos contemporáneos en diversas regiones, con un enfoque particular en América Latina. Los artículos que integran esta edición exploran un amplio espectro de temas, desde la gestión sostenible de recursos y la innovación tecnológica hasta las estrategias para fomentar la competitividad industrial y la equidad social. A medida que las sociedades enfrentan desafíos vinculados al cambio climático, la globalización y las desigualdades económicas, este volumen se posiciona como un puente entre la teoría y la práctica, proporcionando análisis y propuestas fundamentadas que responden a las necesidades del contexto actual. A través de estudios empíricos, revisiones teóricas y propuestas de políticas públicas, los autores destacan la importancia de adoptar enfoques interdisciplinarios para abordar problemáticas complejas. En esta edición, se pone especial énfasis en el impacto económico y social de la sostenibilidad ambiental, evidenciado en investigaciones como la valoración de residuos de maíz en Tamaulipas y su potencial como recurso renovable. Asimismo, se exploran estrategias innovadoras en la cadena de valor en la industria automotriz, demostrando cómo la colaboración y la tecnología pueden impulsar la competitividad en mercados globalizados. Otro aspecto clave es la gestión del emprendimiento en el ámbito universitario, con un caso de estudio en Quito que evidencia la necesidad de articular iniciativas académicas con las demandas del sector productivo. Estas perspectivas se complementan con análisis teóricos y empíricos sobre disciplinas de colas y simulación, resaltando el rol de las metodologías cuantitativas en la optimización de procesos y recursos. En esta edición también se exploran las trampas estructurales que perpetúan las desigualdades sociales y…
subject: Artículos
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creator: Reyna Elizabeth Rodríguez Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Factors Influencing Labor Welfare to Increase Employee Productivity in Manufacturing Companies of the Industrial Sector in Reynosa, Tamaulipas
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description: This investigation aims to identify the factors that influence labor well-being to achieve and improve an increase in the productivity index that is the relationship between production and inputs in organizations. The applied methodology used a semi-structured survey technique carried out virtually and considered for the collection of data obtained from a random sample of 53 companies and was applied to people who held engineering and leadership positions in the areas of quality, processes, manufacturing, warehouse includes others considering 58% male and 42% female. As a result, it is necessary that work conditions have a positive relationship with work well-being by 37.85%, followed by 20.72% that influence work functions, impacting work climate by 20.45% and work communication by 20.98%, therefore, it was concluded that the environments healthy and positive jobs increase creativity, collaboration between colleagues and experimental work as key drivers of business growth​.
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creator: Gabriela Cervantes Zubirías
creator: Julio Enrique Reyes Vázquez
creator: Marco Antonio Díaz Martínez
creator: Reina Verónica Román Salinas
creator: Mario Alberto Morales Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 164
ending page: 209

National Financial Inclusion Survey. Significance Analysis of Key Indicators in the Income of the Mexican Population in 2021
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description: The National Financial Inclusion Survey (ENIF) developed by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in collaboration with the National Banking and Securities Commission (CNBV) generates information on the financial behavior of the adult population in Mexico. Despite the fact that in 2021 in Mexico 78% of adults have at least one formal financial product, only 8% have received some financial training. This study presents an annual comparison of the key factors measured in the ENIF from 2012 to 2021 and specifically for the Northwest Region from 2018 and 2021. The hypothesis to be tested is that there is a significant difference in people's income when “yes” or “no” they put into practice some of the key factors of the ENIF. Through a statistical significance analysis with the Mann Whitney U test to identify if there is a significant difference between income and the ENIF variables of its two response categories “yes” or “no”, it was found that the indicators of formal inclusion do generate a significant difference in income as opposed to the informal means of savings and credit​.
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creator: Claudia Angelina Sobrado Luna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 137
ending page: 163

The Evolution of Well-being: A Review of Approaches and Measurement Methodologies
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description: Well-being is a multidimensional concept that encompasses economic, social, and personal aspects. This article explores the methodologies used to measure well-being, emphasizing the importance of multidimensional approaches. Well-being measurement should not only rely on economic indicators but also on social and subjective dimensions that capture quality of life and personal satisfaction. Various methodologies developed by international organizations such as the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI), the OECD Better Life Index, and the World Happiness Report from the World Economic Forum are reviewed. The findings suggest that an integrated approach provides a more comprehensive and accurate view of well-being. They highlight the need for public policies that address these multiple dimensions to improve the overall well-being of the population​.
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creator: Miguel Ángel Barrera Rojas
creator: Carlos Manuel Poot Silban
creator: Arlene Cruz Orozco
creator: Pablo Darinel Roblero Herrera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Equilibrio Económico
date: 2025-03-09
publication date: 2025-03-09
starting page: 102
ending page: 136