“Revista de Ciencias Médicas Torreón” is a semiannual scientific journal, published as a non-commercial open-access publication in the areas of Clinical Sciences, Basic Sciences, and Research in Medical Education. Its objective is to promote and disseminate high-quality scientific knowledge from works produced by various health and educational institutions in our country. The articles published by Revista de Ciencias Médicas Torreón have been submitted to similarity detection systems and have undergone double-blind peer review. Ciencias Médicas Torreón is registered in academic information systems such as LATINDEX, under registration number 28144, which increases the visibility, accessibility, and dissemination of the published works. In order to promote international visibility, all published articles include bilingual metadata in Spanish and English, including title, abstract, and keywords.
Complicated perirenal abscess: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach: case report.
Perirenal abscess is an uncommon but potentially life- threatening infection of the perirenal space, associated with high morbidity and mortality when diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Its clinical presentation is often nonspecific, making early recognition difficult and favoring progression to sepsis and organ failure. Predisposing factors include diabetes mellitus, urinary tract obstruction, nephrolithiasis, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion supported by imaging studies, with computed tomography being the diagnostic modality of choice. Treatment depends on abscess size, patient clinical status, and response to antibiotic therapy, and may require percutaneous or surgical drainage. We present the case of a male patient with a complicated left perirenal abscess requiring hospital management, along with a narrative review of the literature focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic options.
Disfunción inmunometabólica en el VIH: bases epistemológicas
The relationship between metabolic syndrome and proinflammatory cytokines in people living with HIV has not been conclusively established. It is suggested that chronic inflammation, derived from viremia and metabolic alterations, could explain this association. This article proposes an epistemological reflection aimed at strengthening scientific understanding and the application of bioethics in future epidemiological research. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a hermeneutic and epistemological approach. A documentary and critical analysis of scientific articles, systematic reviews, and regulatory documents related to HIV, cytokines, and metabolic syndrome was performed. Results: The analysis allowed us to identify patterns and ethical and epistemological implications in the reviewed literature. The ideas of David Hume on experience-based knowledge and Bradford Hill on the criteria of causality in epidemiology are taken up as references for the construction of scientific knowledge. In conclusion, the integration of philosophical and bioethical thought into medical research allows us to reinterpret knowledge from a humanistic perspective, recovering lessons from the past to guide science toward a more reflective, ethical, and socially responsible practice
Nutritional support in critical patients in the Intensive Care Unit.
Nutritional support (NS) refers to the provision of nutrients enterally or parenterally with the purpose of maintaining an adequate nutritional status in critically ill patients in whom normal nutrition is not possible. The patient who is admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) presents an alteration in a vital organ and various metabolic disorders that lead to requiring more energy and protein, deterioration of the immune system, body composition and gastrointestinal function. Nutritional support is administered to patients by nursing staff. A systematic review was carried out with the methodology of Holly Salmond and Saimbert, the eligibility criteria were applied, which were with the PIO question (Problem, Intervention and Results). With a bibliographic search analysis period it was during the year 2022. The PRISMA methodology was applied. This study identifies that the nutritional support of patients in critical condition is very important for the favorable evolution of their health status, starting early as an added treatment. To date, there is no general caloric contribution for patients in critical condition. serious since very important parameters such as the pathology and the general state of health of the patient have to be evaluated; However, the route of administration is one of the variables since both require specific nursing care in administration.
Identificación de compuestos fenólicos en albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) para elaboración de repelente para Aedes aegypti.
This study aimed to identify phenolic compounds in Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves to develop a natural repellent against Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, zika, and chikungunya. Essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and compared with commercial oils. A liquid repellent was then formulated from the extracted oil, and the active compounds were identified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), confirming eugenol as the main phenolic component. The experimental design included stability analyses at 0, 3, and 6 months, with the retention factor (Rf) used as the reference parameter. Results revealed a gradual decrease in Rf over time, indicating eugenol degradation and reduced product stability. It was concluded that basil essential oil possesses repellent potential; however, formulation adjustments in pH and storage conditions are necessary to maintain its effectiveness. This research provides experimental evidence supporting the development of sustainable, plant-based repellents as natural alternatives to synthetic products.
Nivel de Conocimiento de la NOM-087-ECOL-SSA1-2002 en Universitarios de Nuevo Ingreso y Egreso del Área de la Salud
Biologically Infectious Hazardous Waste (BIHW) generated from healthcare activities represents a risk due to pathogenic microorganisms. The Mexican Official Standard (NOM)-087 establishes procedures for the management of BIHW. Incoming university students are those beginning their careers at higher education institutions, while graduating students are those who complete the necessary professional training program and administrative requirements. OBJECTIVE. To conduct a comparative analysis of the level of knowledge of NOM- 087 among incoming and outgoing university students in the health field. METHODOLOGY. With prior informed consent, a measurement instrument designed in 2015 by Oscar Zúñiga-Lemus was administered to 126 health students during the year 2024. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. RESULTS. The results showed that 12.7% of incoming students and 25.4% of graduating students had low to average knowledge of RBW management. CONCLUSION. Additional training and specialized courses on RBW management are being implemented as an integral part of health sciences education.
Determinación de la potencia antimicrobiana por el método Turbidimétrico. Antimicrobial potency assessment using the turbidimetric method.
The pharmaceutical industry is an essential sector within life science, facilitating the development of new drugs and technologies aimed at human and animal health. The quality of pharmaceutical products must be guaranteed through systematic evaluation processes that ensure both their efficacy and safety; in this context, the assessment of microbiological methods becomes an essential component within the quality control laboratory. The objective of this research was to determine the antimicrobial potency of an injectable pharmaceutical product with oxytetracycline as the active ingredient using the Turbidimetric method, as well as to design and validate the methodology. The methodology used refers to the general analysis method 0100, microbiological assay of antibiotics from the Mexican Pharmacopoeia. In this study, the antimicrobial potency obtained for the veterinary injectable pharmaceutical product with Oxytetracycline was 109.91%, which is acceptable. This result confirms that the drug inhibits the growth of the test microorganism, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29373). By implementing this validated method, the reliability of the results is guaranteed.
Safety Evaluation of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Centropomus Viridis Brain Cells: In Vitro Assay.
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), composed of L- leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine, are essential amino acids in the nutrition of various animal species, including marine fish. Traditionally considered precursors of protein synthesis, BCAAs also act as key signaling molecules and metabolic modulators. Although its physiological role has been widely studied, information on its toxicity and safety, especially in fish cell systems, remains limited. The species Centropomus viridis, due to its high dietary requirements of amino acids, represents a relevant model to explore the effects of BCAAs on brain cells in an in vitro environment. Immortal cultures of Centropomus viridis brain cells were established from juvenile specimens, following standardized protocols of enzymatic disintegration and seeding in 96-well plates. The cells were kept in L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics, incubated at 25 °C without CO2. The treatments consisted of exposure to BCAAs solutions (L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine) at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 and 1 0000 μg/mL, instantly prepared from sterile stocks. Negative controls (cells without BCAAs) and positive controls were included. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, adding 10μL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL) per well and measuring absorbance at 570 nm after 4 hours of incubation. Additionally, trypan blue exclusion was performed by incubating the cells with the dye for 5 minutes and counting viable and non-viable cells under light microscopy. The evaluation criteria included percentage of viability with respect to the negative control and observation of cell morphology. BCAA treatments even at concentrations of 1000, 2500, 5000 and 10000 μg/mL did not produce significant alterations in cell viability, with percentages greater than 95% compared to the negative control. No morphological changes or increase in trypan blue exclusion ABSTRACT were observed. At the maximum concentration evaluated (5000 and 10000 μg/mL), no decrease in viability was detected (up to 95% of live cells), without reaching criteria of significant cytotoxicity or evident morphological damage. The positive control showed a reduction in viability of less than 60%, validating the sensitivity of the experimental system. Therefore, the cellular safety limit for BCAAs in this line is above 5000 and 10000 μg/mL, with no appreciable adverse effects above this threshold. The results obtained coincide with the few previous reports in mammals, where BCAAs present low toxicity even at high concentrations. The absence of relevant cytotoxic effects in brain cells of Centropomus viridis suggests a wide tolerance to these amino acids, in accordance with the physiological needs of marine species with high protein requirements. However, the literature indicates a lack of controlled studies in humans and other species, which makes it difficult to extrapolate these data to broader clinical and dietary contexts. This study demonstrated that branched-chain amino acids are harmless and safe for brain cells of Centropomus viridis under in vitro conditions, even at elevated concentrations of up to 10000 μg/mL. The methodology used, based on MTT assays and exclusion of trypan blue, provides robust criteria for the toxicological evaluation of nutritional supplements in marine fishes. These findings contribute to knowledge about food safety in aquaculture and highlight the need to expand research to other cell systems and species, as well as to generate comprehensive metabolic and toxicological data to establish accurate recommendations on the use of BCAAs in animal and human feed.
Septal Bounce as an Echocardiographic Finding: Report of Two Clinical Cases.
Septal bounce is an abnormal interventricular septal motion pattern seen on echocardiography, characterized by an abrupt protodiastolic oscillation. Classically associated with constrictive pericarditis, it can also be observed in other clinical contexts such as ventricular dyssynchrony, severe pulmonary hypertension, previous cardiac surgeries, and restrictive cardiomyopathies. This article presents two clinical cases where the echocardiographic finding of septal bounce was key in guiding the differential diagnosis and clinical decision-making. A comprehensive literature review is also provided, exploring the pathophysiology, diagnostic value, and clinical utility of this sign.
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Diffuse spinal cord astrocytoma in a pediatric patient with progressive quadriplegia of six years' duration: case report.
An unusual presentation of a diffuse astrocytoma in a pediatric patient is described. Astrocytomas are a group of primary intracranial neoplasms of the central nervous system. These tumors are characterized by a slow growth pattern, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and multiple factors influencing their prognosis. The case of a 13-year-old female patient is discussed, with a six-year history of progressive quadriplegia and neurological symptoms. An MRI performed upon admission identified an intramedullary mass with both cystic and solid components, along with fusiform vasogenic edema at the cervical level (C2 to C8), which widened the spinal canal to a diameter of 3 centimeters. A surgical approach was undertaken to remove a 5 x 3 cm tumor. Histopathological analysis identified the tumor as a grade II diffuse astrocytoma, according to the 2021 World Health Organization classification.
Atypical vascular lesion in the abdominal wall: Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant, Case report.
Among atypical vascular lesions, we can identify hemangiomas and angiosarcomas. The former are described as benign neoplasms more common in childhood and predominantly present in the abdominal wall. Angiosarcomas, on the other hand, are malignant neoplasms with greater aggressiveness, presenting progressively growing lesions, ulceration, and spontaneous bleeding. They are most commonly located on the scalp and face, with a high rate of recurrence and metastasis. We present the clinical case of a 60-year-old male patient with a 10-year history of ulcerative lesion on his left flank, which had been developing slowly and was bleeding spontaneously. A biopsy was taken, and a surgical procedure was performed with wide resection and local flap rotation. The biopsy result revealed a hemangioma, so the variable presentation of hemangiomas and their simulation for malignant lesions can be discussed.
Relationship between benzodiazepine use and the development of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults and represents a major global public health issue. Various studies have suggested a possible association between chronic use of benzodiazepines (BDZ) and the risk of developing AD. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between BDZ use and the development of AD through a systematic review of human studies conducted over the past 15 years. Six case-control and cohort studies were included, comprising a total of 659,756 patients. Five out of six studies showed a positive association between BDZ use and the risk of AD (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.09–1.54; p<0.00001). The findings suggest that prolonged use of BDZ may be a risk factor for developing AD, possibly due to its effects on synaptic plasticity and memory. However, there are methodological limitations and confounding factors such as uncontrolled comorbidities. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence on the long-term effects of BDZ use in older adults and highlights the need for cautious prescription as well as further large-scale longitudinal research.
Use of the clinical debriefing technique in medical simulation for decision making in medical students at a private university in Northern Mexico.
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid widely recognized for its toxicity, particularly when present in drinking water, where it poses a significant public health threat. In regions such as the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico, arsenic contamination has reached alarming levels due to geological, climatic, and anthropogenic factors. This article reviews the chemical properties of arsenic, its environmental mobility, sources of exposure, and toxicity mechanisms. The negative effects of arsenic on human health are highlighted. Additionally, the challenges faced by vulnerable groups, who are at greater risk due to higher exposure and susceptibility, are addressed. Finally, perspectives on mitigation strategies are presented, along with the need for further research on long-term effects and innovative technological solutions.
Relationship Between High Dietary Protein Intake and Kidney Damage: A Systematic Review
A high dietary protein intake has been identified as a risk factor for the progression of established chronic kidney disease. However, over the years, research has focused on determining whether this same high protein intake in individuals without pre-existing renal disease could lead to progressive kidney damage and, consequently, be a triggering factor for kidney disease over time. To address this question, this meta-analysis evaluates a series of 14 selected studies from a total of 97, based on eligibility criteria related to hyperproteinemia and renal damage. Through data analysis, our study concludes that there is no evidence supporting or refuting the role of dietary protein intake on renal function in the absence of chronic kidney disease.
Risk factors associated with preeclampsia in patients at General Hospital Zone No. 16 in Torreón Coahuila, Mexico.
Preeclampsia is defined as sustained blood pressure levels above 140/90 associated with proteinuria in pregnant women with a gestational age greater than 20 weeks, it is a pathology with a worldwide prevalence of 10% of pregnancies. In Mexico, the incidence is 47.3 per 1,000 births.Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with preeclampsia in patients at General Hospital Zone No. 16 in Torreón, Coahuila. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, retrospective, and analytical study was conducted. Sociodemographic characteristics, gynecological-obstetric data, and medical history were analyzed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using SPSS version 25.Results: A total of 139 cases were analyzed. The predominant age group was 20 to 29 years (56.2%). Of the total, 91.4% were overweight or obese, and 36.7% were primigravidas. A history of preeclampsia was present in 18.7% of cases. During the current pregnancy, 87.1% were diagnosed clinically and 12.9% biochemically. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required in 5.8% of cases.Discussion: Identified risk factors included obesity, multiple pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, early gestational age, and a history of preeclampsia. Early-onset preeclampsia was associated with a higher rate of ICU admission.
Prevalence of malocclusions in children aged 3 to 5 years who were breastfed, bottle- fed or mixed
Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrients for the newborn. Breastfeeding promotes correct craniofacial development since it promotes the exercise of the muscles of mastication, which favors the correction of mandibular pseudoretrognathism that babies present at birth. Objectives: To know the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged between 3 and 5 years who were fed with exclusive breastfeeding, artificial or mixed feeding. Materials and methods: This research was exploratory and descriptive. A total of 70 children of both sexes were examined. Surveys were applied to the mothers to collect data on the type and duration of breastfeeding received. The clinical examination data collection sheet was filled out to observe if they presented any type of malocclusion. Results: 51.4% of the children received exclusive breastfeeding, while 37.1% (n=36) were fed with mixed breastfeeding (n=26) and 11.4% (8) with a bottle. 51.3% (n=36) presented some malocclusion, the most common being deep bite 10% (n=7) and anterior cross bite 8.6%. (n=6). 17.1% (n=12) presented lower midline deviation. Conclusions: It is concluded that, the more time of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the presence of malocclusions.
Assessment of BMI and waist-to-height ratio in the infant population at a UMF on the northern border of Mexico
Objective. Determine BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in the pediatric population at a UMF on the northern border of Mexico. Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted on pediatric beneficiaries of UMF No. 60 of the IMSS. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and BMI and WHtR were calculated for the subsequent detection of the percentage of children with overweight and obesity. Results: The mean BMI and WHtR in this population were 17.91±2.42 and 0.48±0.057, respectively. No significant differences were found in age and gender for these indicators (p>0.05). Additionally, the prevalence of overweight was 45.8%, while 26.4% of the children were obese. Conclusion: The values obtained for BMI and WHtR in this pediatric population on the northern border of Mexico align with those reported in the literature and do not vary by gender or age. However, it is alarming to note that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is more than double the national level reported.
Complications, management and prevention of variceal hemorrhage
Bleeding from esophageal varices (EV) is an acute clinical problem with manifestations of haematemesis, with or without melaena or hematochezia, which is accompanied by hemodynamic instability. It is the main complication of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. It represents 10-30% of all cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Esophageal varices occur in 30% of patients with cirrhosis and are responsible for 80-90% of bleeding. They are the result of portal hypertension, which is described as portal vein pressure exceeding 10 mmHg; when it exceeds 12 mmHg, it is associated with a high risk of bleeding. Its endoscopic severity is correlated with the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and consequently with the risk of variceal hemorrhage.
Typical AV reentry paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (AVNRT): new diagnostic methods; a case analysis
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia with clinical manifestations such as sudden-onset and sudden-termination tachycardia upon positional changes. This condition presents with symptoms such as vertigo, syncope, diaphoresis, precordial pain, and an increase in heart rate exceeding 150 BPM, in this case reaching up to 269 BPM. The primary cause of this arrhythmia is a pathway that reenters the AV node, which typically disrupts the electrical flow, producing an abnormal cycle. This condition is diagnosed through a 12-lead electrocardiogram performed during the arrhythmic episode. Non-pharmacological treatment options include Valsalva maneuvers, which naturally attempt to lower the heart rate. If unsuccessful, the use of adenosine is indicated as the first-line pharmacological treatment. In some chronic cases, indefinite pharmacological treatment or interruption of the affected electrical circuit through cardiac ablation may be warranted
Acute Liver Injury Associated with DILI Due to Itraconazole: Case Report
This is the case of a 24-year-old woman with a history of vaginal candidiasis, treated with itraconazole 3 times a day for one month. She presented with abdominal pain, acholia, choluria, profuse gingival bleeding, and jaundice. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is defined as a common and severe adverse drug reaction, characterized by liver damage caused by a medication or herbal product, leading to abnormal liver function tests or hepatic dysfunction, after excluding other potential causes. Medications, herbs, and dietary supplements can induce several types of liver damage depending on the severity of the injury. Most of these reactions are either asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms that resolve after discontinuation of the offending drug. DILI is typically detected through elevated liver enzymes, with or without signs of liver disease. It can lead to acute liver failure or chronic liver disease. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition of potential cases of liver injury associated with prolonged drug.
Giant basal cell carcinoma of the scalp in an elderly adults. Case Report.
Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of a pigmented basal cell carcinoma in a geriatric patient, which is considered an atypical presentation in the scalp. Clinical case: 83-year-old patient attends to consultation due to the presence of two neoformations in the scalp wich presented an increase in their extension in the past two years, accompanied by hair loss and itching. As a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, a comprehensive clinical assessment is initially carried out supervised by physical examination directed with polarized cross-light dermatoscopy of both lesions, which in the dermatological analysis meet the criteria of malignancy and high suspicion of basal cell carcinoma, which is why it was decided to perform an incisional biopsy on both of the neoformations. The start of non-surgical therapy is proposed based on monthly cryotherapy sessions and outpatient local chemotherapy. Upon interpretation of the histopathological report of both biopsies, the diagnosis is confirmed and the lineage of the skin neoplasia is defined with the subclassification of pigmented basal cell carcinoma correlating with the diagnostic impression previously described. Currently the patient is in her second cycle of cryotherapy, with an adequate response to the treatment. Conclusion: The giant basal cell carcinoma is considered a less frequent variation on skin neoplasms, becoming a challenge for therapeutics due to its characteristics and dimensions. Currently, multiple pharmacological therapies, cryotherapy, dermabrasions and specialized surgeries are used in its treatment, with the aim of giving the patient a wide variety and therapeutic options depending on the particular case.
Combination of Cannabidiol and Current Medicinal Drugs
This work aimed to review the literature on the combination de Cannabidiol and current medicinal drugs. A search in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed. We use the following keywords combination: CBD plus, analgesic, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antineoplastics, antiemetics, and anesthetics. Original articles with in vitro, in vivo assays, and clinical trials were selected. Current literature reports mainly in vitro and in vivo studies where CBD is evaluated in combination with other medicinal drugs for epilepsy, pain, depression, infections, and psychosis with promising results. There are few studies on the combination of CBD plus medicinal drugs, however, they suggest that CBD seems to act synergically with the studied drugs, and more confirmatory studies are needed. CBD is a potent CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 Inhibitor; therefore, potential interactions should be considered.
Cilantro: The new face of natural medicine
The benefits of consuming cilantro have been known since ancient times through Mexican herbal medicine. The bioactive compounds derived from cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) have a wide variety of medical and biotherapeutic applications beyond its recognized gastronomic relevance. Scientific research emphasizes the great nutritional contribution of cilantro and confirms the action of its phytochemical components in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's, among many others. Currently, cilantro is generating great attention to scientifically investigate its bioactivities and potential for biotechnological applications in the development of foods and new drugs. Cilantro, without a doubt, provides multiple benefits to achieve healthy aging, improve health and promote the well-being of the population.
Current panorama of preeclampsia in Mexico and in the world
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia with or without severity indicators, and eclampsia. Among these, preeclampsia shows high rates of morbidity and mortality; therefore, it is important to understand the current epidemiological landscape for its prevention, detection, and quality care. This research explores the current landscape of preeclampsia and updates on its diagnosis, treatment, management, and sociodemographic factors that impact its incidence at both national and global levels. A systematic review of related articles shows an increase in incidence among Mexican patients and delays in diagnosis and treatment, especially in isolated areas. This increase has been observed over the last ten years, primarily led by the central and southern regions of the country, with rates up to 49%. The classification by levels is replaced by preeclampsia without severity indicators and preeclampsia with severity indicators. For diagnosis and screening, the widespread use of Doppler ultrasound of the uterine arteries and the detection of circulating levels of placental growth factor have been incorporated. The management of this disease has updated the antihypertensive medications used and the target blood pressure goals. The effects of this pathology on society become more evident among countries and communities due to distrust in healthcare personnel present in some societies, leading to unfavorable outcomes for first-time mothers and their families. In Mexico, the difference in incidence compared to developed countries is not significant (2%), but mortality does report an increase (WHO, 2005), which is not observed when compared to developing countries, where morbidity is similar but mortality is lower. Screening strategies are the most important factor for achieving timely diagnosis, and standardization in the management and monitoring of obstetric patients at risk of developing preeclampsia is necessary.
Validation of microbiological method cylinder plate for the determination of antimicrobial potency of gentamicin in a veterinary injectable pharmaceutical product.
The pharmaceutical industry focuses on the development and distribution of medications through the research and development of new drugs, emphasizing innovation and the minimization of side effects. However, these advancements face scientific, social, and economic challenges, along with quality regulations. The objective of this research was to determine the antimicrobial potency of an injectable pharmaceutical product with gentamicin as the active ingredient using the Cylinder Plate method, as well as to design and validate the methodology. The methodology used references the general analysis method, microbiological evaluation of antibiotics from the Mexican Pharmacopoeia. This demonstrates that the veterinary injectable pharmaceutical product with a net content of 100 mL, where 20% corresponds to Gentamicin as the active ingredient, achieved an antimicrobial potency of 95.83%, thus inhibiting the growth of the test microorganism, Staphylococcus epidermidis. By implementing this validated method, the reliability of the results is ensured.
Relationship between IQ and academic performance in an elementary school in northern Mexico.
Intelligence is a measurable and verifiable trait, called IQ, which is defined as a global concept that involves an individual ability to act on purpose, to think rationally and according to the environment, this is determined by social, environmental and genetic factors. This has been related apart from other factors such as goal setting, self-control and socioeconomic level, with academic performance. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of the IQ and its areas with the general grade of the child from 7 to 11 years old in primary school. The research was carried out in the Ejido el Lequeitio in 55 children 25 girls and 30 boys, from 7 to 11 years old, the Wisc-IV Intelligence Test was applied. The Total IQ is correlated with an r2 = 0.06, (p < 0.000). The subtests with the highest correlation were NL and RD, the area with the highest correlation was Working Memory (IMT). These results allow us to establish that these areas of intelligence require greater attention for their training and stimulation to improve their academic performance.
This study examines the efficacy of clinical simulation, specifically using debriefing, to foster psychomotor and cognitive skills critical for medical decision-making in seventh-semester medical students at the Universidad Autónoma de Durango. Results indicate that students demonstrated effective action sequencing during a Basic CPR scenario, achieving a high level of competence (81.17%) across evaluated aspects. However, specific areas requiring improvement were identified, including ventilation technique and pulse verification. Debriefing provided students with a reflective opportunity to understand their decision-making processes, revealing challenges such as anxiety and lack of attention. By focusing on the “good judgment” model of debriefing, which emphasizes a safe learning environment, students engaged in introspective learning, recognizing patterns in their mental models and identifying areas for growth. This debriefing approach promoted a culture of continuous improvement, with a collaborative team setting further enhancing skills like communication and critical thinking. Findings highlight the importance of simulation as a means to improve clinical performance and recommend that facilitators employ graphical representations during debriefing to clarify strengths and weaknesses.
Gender trend in levels of methemoglobin in children due to consumption of water contaminated by nitrates
Introduction. Nitrates are one of the contaminants in drinking water, produced by excessive fertilization of fields and lack of environmental management of manure by livestock. Methemoglobin levels in children were analyzed, as well as the association between N-NO3⁻ levels in drinking water. Material and methods. From a universe of 1,750 children living in the ten communities, a sample of 346 children from 1 to 12 years of age was taken, 196 were girls (56.64%); 150 children (43.36%), with an exposure ranging from 12 to 83 mg/L of N-NO3⁻. Results. When reviewing the data, some factors can potentiate the increase in methemoglobin levels, such as the intake of well water, OR=1.87 p<0.18 (95% CI). One of the findings found was the gender trend since a greater risk of presenting detectable levels of methemoglobin was found in boys than in girls, being 1.5 times more in boys than girls, p<0.05, which is very probable. Due to the activities that children carry out at a very young age in the countryside, it is easier to consume water from contaminated agricultural wells.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic degenerative diseases: Literature review
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are fundamental physiological processes during development. However, the uncontrolled formation of new vessels can promote several pathological conditions such as tumor growth, metastasis, retinopathies, inflammatory processes, etc. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an essential role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGF has been subject of study for 25 years and has been increasingly implicated in many pathological processes, especially those with the highest prevalence in the world such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic renal disease, among others. The present study describes the participation of VEGF in various diseases and treatments aimed at this pathway.
Utility of fractional excretions of electrolytes (FEX) as biomarkers in kidney diseases.
Introduction. The evaluation of electrolyte concentrations has been of interest for the diagnosis and management of kidney diseases and disorders. These concentrations could provide a more complete picture that allows establishing multiple therapeutic options and, therefore, a better prognosis for patients. Fractional excretion of electrolytes (FEX) reflects the capacity for excretion of these solutes corresponding to the urinary excretion of creatinine and has been used to diagnose electrolyte imbalances and differentiate kidney diseases. Previous studies have identified that increased fractional electrolyte excretions may be a sign of a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, even before an elevation in serum creatinine. Objective: To review the usefulness of fractional excretions of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg+) as biomarkers in kidney pathologies. Methodology: A search and review of the literature was carried out regarding fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) and fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg) as biomarkers in kidney pathologies. Results: According to the consensus of the literature, FENa seems to have a more important role in acute kidney injury to differentiate the prerenal or renal origin of this pathology. In addition, FEMg could be useful to evaluate the progression of chronic kidney disease and identify tubular damage. Regarding FEK, there is currently little evidence on its usefulness as a biomarker in kidney pathologies. Conclusion: To interpret FEX in the renal context, it is suggested to perform an individual approach rather than through a general approach.
Associated factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Coahuila for 2021-2022 period
The present study focused on analyzing the factors associated with the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Coahuila during the years 2021 and 2022, by reviewing data on the tuberculosis program platform of the Ministry of Health of the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SINAVE). 8990 records were analyzed, and 572 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were confirmed. A significantly higher prevalence was observed in the male population compared to the female. The distribution of confirmed cases was more prominent in adults (27-59 years), followed by older adults (60+ years). Additionally, several risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis were identified. Uncontrolled diabetes stood out as a significant factor, increasing the risk of developing the disease by more than seven times. Malnutrition was also associated with a significantly higher risk, with an increase of approximately thirteen times. Immunosuppression and previous history of tuberculosis were also risk factors, increasing the risk by around five and eight times, respectively. The study revealed an inverse association between the presence of HIV and the risk of tuberculosis, indicating that the presence of HIV could have a protective effect against tuberculosis in the studied population.