Efecto microestructural de materiales preacondicionadores en hierro gris y su impacto en la resistencia a la corrosión
Palabras clave:
Resistencia a la corrosión, Microestructura perlítica, Hierro gris, Materiales preacondicionadores.Resumen
La corrosión de los discos de freno de hierro gris en ambientes agresivos representa un desafío creciente para la industria automotriz, particularmente en los vehículos híbridos y eléctricos, donde la menor frecuencia de frenado favorece los procesos de degradación por corrosión. Este fenómeno no solo afecta el desempeño y la vida útil de los componentes, sino que también contribuye a la emisión de material particulado con potencial impacto sobre la salud humana y el medio ambiente. El presente estudio evaluó la influencia de tres materiales preacondicionadores (grafito metalúrgico, grafito de electrodo y coque metalúrgico) sobre la microestructura y la resistencia a la corrosión del hierro gris. Se realizaron tres coladas independientes bajo condiciones idénticas de fusión a 1450 °C, empleando cada material preacondicionador por separado. De cada colada se obtuvieron tres probetas para la caracterización microestructural y electroquímica. La cuantificación microestructural se realizó mediante análisis de imágenes utilizando diez mediciones por condición experimental para determinar la fracción de perlita fina, la densidad de inclusiones de MnS y el espaciamiento interlaminar de la perlita. La resistencia a la corrosión se evaluó mediante ensayos de polarización potenciodinámica en una solución de NaCl al 3.5% en peso, utilizando una velocidad de barrido de 0.1667 mV/s y un intervalo de potencial de ±0.5 V respecto al potencial de corrosión. Se realizaron cinco mediciones por probeta y los resultados reportados corresponden al valor promedio. Las diferencias entre las condiciones experimentales se evaluaron mediante un análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA), encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0.05).
El hierro gris preacondicionado con coque metalúrgico presentó la mayor densidad de inclusiones de MnS (226 ± 5 MnS/mm²), la mayor fracción de perlita fina (55.35 ± 0.84%) y el menor espaciamiento interlaminar de la perlita (170 ± 3.50 nm). En correspondencia, esta aleación exhibió la menor densidad de corriente de corrosión y la menor velocidad de corrosión (0.016 ± 0.002 mm/año), lo que representa una reducción aproximada del 65% con respecto a la aleación preacondicionada con grafito de electrodo. Los resultados indican que la mejora en la resistencia a la corrosión está asociada con la influencia combinada del material preacondicionador seleccionado y de las condiciones metalúrgicas resultantes, incluidas las diferencias en el contenido de azufre, la relación Mn/S, el equivalente de carbono, la densidad de inclusiones de MnS y el refinamiento de la perlita. Estos hallazgos demuestran que una adecuada selección del material preacondicionador puede modificar el comportamiento de solidificación y la evolución microestructural del hierro gris, mejorando su desempeño frente a la corrosión en ambientes agresivos.
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