RIIIT Revista Internacional de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica
RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, es una revista académica, científica, tecnológica y humanística, multidisciplinaria, que inició su primera publicación en abril de 2013 en Centro Kappa de Conocimiento S.C. hasta el 2019 (https://riiit.com.mx/). Posteriormente, en junio de 2019 fue donada a la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, continuando con la misma periodicidad bimestral y el acceso abierto no comercial. Su objetivo es publicar y comunicar resultados originales de investigación, revisiones académicas, reportes de casos, notas técnicas y ensayos con sustento científico, social, ambiental y humanístico, contribuyendo a la generación, preservación, circulación y apropiación social del conocimiento. Todo el material publicado por RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, ha sido sometido a sistemas de detección de similitud, cuyos resultados avalan su originalidad. Asimismo, los textos han sido sometidos a arbitraje por pares en modalidad de doble ciego. RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, ofrece acceso libre. RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, se encuentra registrada en los sistemas de información académica PERIÓDICA, SciELO MÉXICO, LATINDEX, y CONACYT, lo que contribuye a incrementar la visibilidad, la accesibilidad y la difusión de los trabajos publicados. Estas plataformas fortalecen la presencia de la revista en la comunidad científica iberoamericana, favorecen la consulta de sus contenidos por parte de investigadores, docentes y estudiantes, y respaldan el compromiso editorial de RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, con la calidad académica, la evaluación por pares y el acceso abierto al conocimiento. Con el propósito de favorecer la visibilidad internacional de los contenidos, todos los artículos publicados incluyen metadatos bilingües (español e inglés), que incluyen título, resumen y palabras clave. RIIIT REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA, recibe contribuciones originales de autores nacionales e internacionales y promueve la conformación de redes académicas que favorezcan la cooperación científica y humanística entre instituciones de distintos países.
In vitro and in vivo glycemic index evaluation of functional goat´s milk yoghurt with added Aloe vera and Stevia rebaudiana
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro (inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase) and in vivo (Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load) functionality of three formulations 1) natural yogurt (N), 2) 10% Aloe vera pulp and sucrose (AA) and 3) 10% Aloe vera pulp and Stevia rebaudiana (AS). Determining the % inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL). An Inhibition of α-amylase activity of 43.01%, 44.66% and 55.75% was obtained for yoghurt N, AA, and AS, respectively. On the other hand, α-glucosidase inhibition was 3.29%, 6.35% and 22.87% for yoghurt N, AA, and AS, respectively. The GI and GL of yogurt N was 36.11 and 9.02, for yoghurt AA was 55.51 and 13.90 and for yogurt AS was 16.13 and 4.02, respectively. Its consumption in the tested subjects kept blood glucose levels within normal values.
In vitro antifungal activity of Lippia graveolens and Viscum album ethanolic extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a problem in tomato crops. Its management is commonly done with synthetic products. However, the excessive use of such products could induce resistance to the active ingredients and toxicological problems. Because of this, biorational alternatives such as plant extracts have been proposed for plant disease management. The objectives of this research were to obtain information on the phytochemical composition of plant extracts, as well as to determine the antifungal activity and the inhibitory concentration at 50 and 90 % (IC50 and IC90) of ethanolic plant extracts of Lippia graveolens and Viscum album using the microdilution plate method. A Probit analysis was performed to determine the IC50 and IC90 of each extract, and ANOVA by Tukey’s test (p<0.05) to determine statistical differences. Phytochemical compounds, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, catechins, polyphenols, and methoxycinnamic acids were identified in both extracts. Furthermore, both extracts showed antifungal activity higher than 80 % inhibition. However, the L. graveolens extract was statistically superior, with the lowest IC50 of 60.91 mg/L. In conclusion, both plant extracts contain phytochemical compounds of interest for the control of microorganism and represent a natural alternative for controlling F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.
Soursop (Annona muricata L.) seed and peel extracts: phytochemical evaluation
Depending on environmental conditions, plants have developed defense mechanisms such as secondary metabolites for in order to adapt to environmental conditions. Several studies on soursop extracts have reported antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and insecticidal properties. Therefore, a phytochemical evaluation of soursop peel and seed extracts obtained with methanol at 100 % and 80 %, and ethanol at 96 %, 80 % and 70 % was proposed to be used in alternative methods for the control of fungal diseases in post-harvest, in addition to providing an alternative to the use of soursop fruit residues. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of secondary metabolites were performed by colorimetry for phenols and tannins, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids, and spectrophotometry for total soluble phenols, tannins, flavonoids, chlorophylls, and total carotenoids. The following nomenclature was assigned to each of the extracts obtained: The methanol extracts at 100 and 80 % were assigned MET 100 and MET 80, and the ethanolic extracts at 96, 80 and 70 % were assigned ET 96, ET 80, and ET 70 respectively. For the determination of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids, methanol at 100 and 90 % and ethanol at 95 % were used as solvents, assigning MET 100, MET 90 and ET 95 as nomenclature. A positive qualitative phytochemical screening for phenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinines, steroids, saponins and alkaloids was obtained in peel extracts (MET 100 and 80, ET 96, 80 and 70) while seed extracts (MET 100 and 80, ET 96, 80 and 70) were positive for flavonoids and alkaloids, however, the determination of quinines was negative in these same extracts. ET 70 presented high phenol content (137.96 mg EAG g.p.s.-1) in the soursop peel extract and in the seed sample, ET 80 obtained high phenol content (36.45 mg EAG. g.p.s-1), with a P > 0.05. On the other hand, ET 70 and ET 80 had a high tannin content (62.71 mg EAG.g.p.s.-1) in peel and 22.99 mg EAG.g.p.s.-1 in soursop seed with a P > 0.05. The flavonoid content in the ET 70 extract was 92.69 mg ER g.p.s.-1 in peel and in soursop seed, MET 80 extract, obtained 20.85 mg ER.g.p.s.-1 with a P ≥ 0.05 between the extracts evaluated. Regarding the total chlorophyll content, a high content was obtained in peel (23.79 μg. g-1) when compared to total chlorophyll content in soursop seed (2.46 μg. g-1) presenting a statistical difference (3.48; P ≥ 0.05). As for the content of carotenoids present in soursop peel, the value was 4.67 μg. g-1 while in seed it was 0.41 μg. g-1. In soursop peel extracts (qualitative) with solvent (80 % methanol) the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinines, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids was detected. Seed extracts (quantitative) with 80 % ethanol and peel with 70 % ethanol showed a high content of total soluble phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Extracts with high chlorophyll content were shell with 100 % methanol and seed with 90 % methanol, for carotenoids, seed with 95 % ethanol.
Utilization of persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) by-products for flour production applying different thermal conditions
It's important to revalue the by-products of Persian lime generated in the agro-industry because they do not meet the visual quality standards such as size, color, or appearance of the fruit. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) by-products for the production of flours with potential applications in the food industry. Specifically, the optimal drying and thermal treatment conditions were determined to maximize the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of the obtained flours. A completely randomized design with sub-divided plots with a factorial arrangement was applied. The factors were: type of residue (bagasse and peel); thermal treatment (fresh and blanched); and drying temperature (70, 80, and 90 °C). The physicochemical and functional characterization of the flour was performed. Blanching significantly reduced acidity and increased pH in bagasse flours, although it also decreased swelling capacity and caused darkening. On the other hand, peel flour showed lower water retention capacity and swelling capacity but higher luminosity compared to bagasse flours. Drying temperature also significantly influenced the properties of the flours; lower temperatures resulted in flours with higher luminosity and lower water activity compared to higher temperatures. Considering multiple relevant properties, the best treatments were CF80 (fresh peel and 80 °C) and BE70 (blanched bagasse and 70 °C), as these flours not only showed lower moisture and water activity but also good physicochemical and techno-functional properties. In general, the flours obtained showed good potential for use as partial substitutes for grain and cereal flours in various preparations.
Synthesis of a 45S5 bioactive glass cementitious resin bonded composite material for orthodontic applications
A composite material based on 45S5 bioactive glass and commercial cementitious resin for orthodontic applications, was obtained, taking two commercial resins as control. The bioactive glass was synthesized using sol-gel and stabilizing the dry gel using microwave assistance for 6 minutes, obtaining an amorphous material with good dimensional stability and transparency. A composite material was prepared using Transbond cementitious resin and 8% 45S5 bioactive glass. The resulting composite was subjected to degradation tests to determine the effect of artificial saliva on this material degradation over a period of one month. Sample composite degradation and the fluid pH variations were analyzed via SEM/EDS. Composite bioactivity was determined by exposing the material to simulated physiological fluid (SBF), showing the formation of biological apatite layers on the materials’ surface. The composite´s mechanical properties were analyzed by adhering the brackets with the composite material to previously preserved human dental pieces and the shear strength of the composite was determined along with the tension strength between the resin teeth interface. Analyzes were performed by triplicate. A Statistical ANOVA analysis was performed to determine significant mechanical test results. These data showed that the synthesized composite material exhibited better bioactivity, mechanical and degradational properties compared to the commercial resins.
Johnson-Su composting system as a sustainable organic waste management strategy in forested ecosystems
The increasing accumulation of organic solid waste represents an environmental and social threat on a global scale due to its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and the loss of recoverable resources. This study evaluated four composting bioreactor configurations based on the Johnson-Su system, installed at the Instituto Tecnológico de El Salto, Durango, to process domestic and agroforestry organic residues generated in the region. Temperature, moisture, and pH were monitored for six months. At the end of the process, the resulting materials were chemically characterized, and the applicable parameters were compared with the values established in the NMX-AA-180-SCFI-2018 standard. The results showed high organic matter and nutrient contents; however, differences among configurations were also identified in variables associated with salinity, sodicity and nitrogen conservation. The bioreactor R3 showed the most balanced chemical profile among the evaluated configurations. Overall, these bioreactors may contribute to the regional valorization of organic waste, provided that the resulting materials are applied as organic amendments at controlled rates and under appropriate technical criteria.
Library for Integration in LabVIEW and Firmware for Data Acquisition Card Control
Data acquisition cards are digital electronic systems that, when controlled by a computer or digital system, capture or measure digital and analog signals from the physical environment. The objective of this project was to design and implement a virtual instrumentation library, compatible with LabVIEW, and firmware to control a data acquisition card based on the PIC18F4550 microcontroller and manage its resources, such as its digital and analog ports and its asynchronous serial communication port, without requiring the microcontroller to be reprogrammed each time it is used for different tasks. Firmware was designed and implemented to allow commands to be entered via the USB port of a DAQPIC18F4550 card based on the PIC18F4550 microcontroller, enabling control of its digital and analog ports and its asynchronous serial port. A LabVIEW library was designed and implemented as a user library, containing function blocks to control the five digital input/output ports of the DAQPIC18F4550 board, a function block for data acquisition via its analog ports, and a function block for asynchronous serial communication. The developed library and firmware enable the DAQPIC18F4550 board to perform basic low-speed data acquisition functions, with up to five digital ports and 30 input/output pins, up to 13 analog input channels, and a bidirectional asynchronous serial communication port that allows remote control and data acquisition by connecting a Bluetooth or radio-frequency communication module. The DAQPIC18F4550 has more digital and analog pins than development boards like the Arduino UNO and can operate wirelessly, which is an advantage compared to data acquisition boards like the NI USB-6008. Virtual test instruments were created in LabVIEW to verify the functionality of the library and firmware using the DAQPIC18F4550 board. Virtual instruments were run that combined control, data acquisition, and remote communication tasks using low sampling rates, on the order of 400 samples/s.
Ecotoxicological effect of methyl parathion on Moina macrocopa under different algal densities
Organophosphate pesticides, such as methyl parathion, represent one of the main sources of pollution in freshwater ecosystems, directly affecting the structure and dynamics of zooplankton communities. The toxicity of these compounds can vary depending on their concentration and environmental factors such as food availability. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of methyl parathion on survival and life-history variables of Moina macrocopa under different levels of algal food. Acute bioassays were performed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) at 24 h, and chronic bioassays were conducted using life tables. Two densities of Chlorella vulgaris (A= 0.5 × 10⁶ and B= 1.5 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹) and four concentrations of methyl parathion were used. The following life-table variables were analyzed: age-specific survival (lₓ), age-specific reproduction (mₓ), life expectancy (eₓ), gross and net reproductive rates (R₀), generation time (T), and the intrinsic rate of population increase (r). The LC₅₀ of M. macrocopa was 3.2 × 10⁻³ mg L⁻¹ (log10 C= −2.49) of methyl parathion. The life history variables were significantly affected by methyl parathion concentration (p <0.001). Algal density significantly influenced average lifespan, life expectancy, gross reproductive rate, generation time, and population growth rate. The interaction between food level and toxicant concentration only affected generation time and daily growth rate (p <0.001). The greatest effects on the studied variables were observed at low toxicant concentrations (0.002 mg L⁻¹; log₁₀ C = −2.70) and lower algal density. The increase in algal food density did not mitigate the compound's toxicity, suggesting a direct action of the pesticide on the organisms. These results confirm the high sensitivity of M. macrocopa as a bioindicator organism in ecotoxicological studies.
Proposal to modify the Mexican Official Standard NOM-141-SSA1/SCFI-2012 for the correct handling and use of mineral UV filters in cosmetics, whose active ingredients contains nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Nanotechnology has transformed the scientific and technological landscape in recent decades, enabling the manipulation of matter at the nanometric scale, which ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers. This has led to the creation and development of materials with unique physicochemical properties, which have applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and electronics. However, its rapid and growing development has outpaced the creation of regulations to ensure the safe and ethical use of these nanomaterials. In Mexico, there has been very little regulation, causing concern at the academic and industrial levels, as there is no strong and solid regulatory framework that specifically regulates the interaction of nanomaterials, from their production to their final disposal. Current Mexican standards, such as NMX-R-13830-SCFI-2020, are voluntary and lenient, and have little impact on consumer health regulation and protection. On the other hand, the Official Mexican Standards, which are strict and mandatory, do not yet cover nanotechnology products, creating a regulatory vacuum that lacks the assessment of risks associated with exposure to nanomaterials. In the unique case of cosmetic products, particularly mineral sunscreens, the use of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles has become common due to their effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation. However, due to their higher chemical reactivity, these nanoparticles can interact inappropriately in biological systems, with the possibility of generating undesirable toxicological effects if not properly controlled. In regions such as the European Union, clear regulations have been established, such as Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009, which requires the inclusion of the term [nano] on labeling, with characteristics such as concentration limits and pre-marketing safety assessments. In contrast, Mexico lacks similar regulations, causing competitive disadvantages and potential health risks. Therefore, this research work proposes to update NOM-141-SSA1/SCFI-2012 to include specific requirements for the use of nanomaterials in sunscreens for cosmetic use. It suggests the importance of incorporating the figure of a health officer, the obligation to notify Federal Commission for the Protection against Sanitary Risks (COFEPRIS) before marketing products with nanoparticles, and the detailed declaration of active ingredients such as TiO2 and ZnO [nano] on the label. Taken together, these measures can strengthen consumer safety by promoting industrial transparency in Mexico.
Reverse-engineering reconstruction of a worn Francis runner blade for a medium-head
After years of operation with a working fluid that produces not only cavitation but also contains solid particles, the Francis runner blade often shows wear, erosion, cracking, and pitting. When reconstructing very old runners, the original drawings rarely provide detailed technical information about the blade, which, due to its complex shape, cannot be measured using conventional techniques. Therefore, empirical and artisanal methods are often used. Recently, the reverse-engineering process has enabled reconstruction of blade surface geometries through data acquisition, processing, and construction of a 3D model. However, for used and worn blades, the point-cloud data obtained by scanning can be so distorted that the processing technique cannot reconstruct the surface in a continuous, smooth manner that is as close to the original as possible. Consequently, this work aims to reconstruct the blade of an original Francis turbine using a parametric function as the data-processing technique. By manipulating the m, p, and t parameters of the four-digit NACA function using an optimization algorithm, the fitting error was minimized to 0.04 relative to the cross-sections extracted from the scanned digital file. The volume of the solid model obtained with the proposed methodology differs by only 0.25% from the original, while maintaining smooth, continuous surfaces. However, it remains to know whether the hydrodynamic and structural conditions generated by the rebuilt blade could affect the turbine's performance.
Graphene oxide as a stabilizing additive: effect of the oxidation degree on wettability, thermal stability, and dispersion
This work evaluated the influence of the oxidation degree of graphene oxide on its structural, thermal, and interfacial properties in order to assess its performance as a stabilizing additive in dispersed systems. Graphene oxide was synthesized by a modified Hummers method, varying the reaction time to obtain samples with different oxidation degrees. FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups and structural changes associated with oxidation, without showing a strictly proportional relationship between reaction time and oxidation degree. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed differences in thermal stability among the samples, related to the content and nature of oxygen functional groups. Contact angle and surface free energy measurements indicated that oxidation degree affects water affinity and amphiphilic character, although no linear trend with reaction time was observed. Dispersion tests in liquid–liquid systems showed that the interfacial behavior of graphene oxide depends on both oxidation degree and medium pH. In particular, the sample obtained after 3 h of oxidation (GO 3H) exhibited the most favorable behavior, with greater sensitivity to pH changes and better redistribution between phases. These results indicate that controlling the oxidation degree is a key parameter for tuning the interfacial properties of graphene oxide for potential use as a stabilizing material.
Analysis of work-related stress of employees in manufacturing companies in Reynosa Tamaulipas border zone
Nowadays, Work stress tends to be one of the factors that have an impact on the different phases of an individual’s life, constituting a challenge within the work environment. According to the constant global changes, organizations from various manufacturing, service, public or private sectors around the world have been forced to modify their production processes in order to stay competitive in the market. As a result, the demands on employees increase, causing stress to the individual and adding other factors, such as limited interaction with the environment, personality and long working hours. The purpose of this research was to examine the perception that people have in their work environment towards aspects of flexibility, and to identify the connection between them. The study is descriptive, quantitative and correlational in approach. The design of the research was based on the state-of-the art review of the instrument for collecting the main intra-workplace conditions that directly affect the development of work stress. The results show that, when applying a descriptive analysis test to the intellectual challenge variable, the highest value was obtained with an average of 3.39, which indicates that employees have a strong level of training related to the activities they carry out in each area of the company. This is followed by the organizational climate variable with a score of 3.17 and is positively related to a good relationship between the staff.
GTAW Butt Welded 6061-T6 Aluminum: Post-process Heat Treatment Effect on Mechanical and Microstructural Features
Welding of aluminum remains an important area of research, driven by current challenges, such as the observed reduction in mechanical properties after the joining process, commonly referred to as softening. Particularly, there is limited information on the impact of heat treatments on the mechanical properties of joints in AA6061 alloy. This study addresses this gap by presenting mechanical properties of AA6061 joints under three distinct conditions: one in its welded state and two subjected to different subsequent heat treatments. Findings reveal that joining process parameters, defects, and applied heat treatment influence joint efficiency. Primarily, subsequent heat treatments substantially impact the microstructure and final mechanical properties of the weld. Solubilizing heat treatment effectively dissolves precipitates in the microstructure, while aging treatment successfully restores mechanical properties due to precipitation hardening. However, it is crucial to note that joint defects play a key role in determining final mechanical properties and crack location post-fracture. Additionally, the mechanical strength of the joint is studied in tensile tests at different temperatures, finding that this parameter reaches its maximum value at low temperatures and decreases with increasing temperature. In contrast, elongation is more significant at higher temperatures, but reduced at lower temperatures. This comprehensive analysis addresses the interaction between welding conditions, heat treatments, and microstructural changes, providing valuable information for improving the joining process and enhancing mechanical performance in AA6061-T6 aluminum joints.
Design and implementation of a haptic thermal display device for virtual reality applications for education and in training purposes
This work details the design and implementation of a thermal screen type device, focused on the presentation of information in the form of temperature. In this way, the user can perceive information when in contact with it and be used in virtual reality applications. The electronic control circuit, the design of a Sugeno-type fuzzy controller and the description of a virtual reality application developed in Unity for educational purposes are specified. The arrangement that allows returning to the initial operating condition by means of a network of cooling pipes by internal water circulation is described. The development is based on the premise of increasing realism in virtual reality applications by focusing the attention and focus of users during the learning process. As a result, the response curve to different temperature reference inputs is presented to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy controller. The dynamic temperature color scale is presented based on the temperature measurements made by the controller, providing thermal and visual information simultaneously through the device. Derived from the performance tests, the temperature-humidity haptic illusion was identified during the cooling stage, so in future work, further exploration of haptic illusions with virtual reality will be carried out.
Protocol for the micropropagation of grape variety “Cabernet Franc”: Preliminary results
Micropropagation is a technique that allows producing disease-free plants, in large quantities and in a short time. The aim of this study was to establish the protocol for disinfection and in vitro multiplication of the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) of the Cabernet Franc variety using axillary buds as a source of explant. The buds received the following three disinfection treatments: (T1) Captan and Triadimefon for 10 min and 9% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 10 min, (T2) 75% ethyl alcohol for 5 min and 2% NaClO for 20 min and (T3) 75% ethyl alcohol for 10 min and 2% NaClO for 20 min. Then they were established in Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium with four treatments for multiplication: (T1) 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP) 1.0 mg L-1 + Kinetin 0.5 mg L-1; (T2) Kinetin 3.0 mg L-1 + gibberellic acid (AG3) 1.0 mg L-1; (T3) 6BAP 1.0 mg L-1 + Kinetin 0.5 mg L-1 + indole acetic acid (IAA) 0.2 mg L-1; and (T4) Kinetin 1.5 mg L-1 + naphthalene acetic acid (ANA) 0.5 mg L-1. The disinfection percentage, bud development (multiplication) and multiplication coefficient were evaluated in five subcultures. The best response obtained in the disinfection treatments was with T2 and T3, obtaining 100% of the buds free of pathogens. In the multiplication phase, T4, obtained a vine bud multiplication frequency of 8.57 was obtained and T1 a multiplication coefficient of 3.8. Finally, with this research, a protocol for the disinfection and in vitro multiplication of vine buds of the “Cabernet Franc” variety was established.
Toxicity essays and photoprotective effects of partitions of Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Plants have long been recognized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic properties, contributing significantly to the evolution of phytotherapy and modern pharmacopoeia. This study aimed to assess the photoprotective effects of Euphorbia tirucalli L. extracts and their toxicity on human erythrocytes and Artemia salina, with a view to proposing them as potential dermoprotective agents. Using the Artemia salina model, both methanolic and ethanolic partitions exhibited moderate toxicity, with LD50 values of 144.77 µg mL-1 and 189.54 µg mL-1, respectively. Subsequent erythrocyte toxicity tests (AAPH-) indicated dose-dependent cytoprotective effects, reaching 99% inhibition of hemolysis at 1000 µg mL-1, likely attributable to their polyphenol content: 3.52 µg EAG mg-1 and 19.46 µg EAG mg-1 for methanolic and ethanolic partitions, respectively. Furthermore, the photoprotection test demonstrated significant efficacy against UV-B radiation, with calculated Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values exceeding 9 and 18 for methanolic and ethanolic partitions, respectively. In conclusion, the ethanolic partition of Euphorbia tirucalli L. extract displayed the highest cytoprotective activity, phenolic content, and photoprotection. Despite moderate toxicity on multicellular organisms, further lethality testing is recommended to explore their potential as biological photoprotectors for topical use.
A versatile educational tool to detect adulterated honey with Arduino and Python-OpenCv
Detecting adulterated honey poses a significant global challenge, especially in rural areas where access to laboratory equipment is limited. The expense associated with laboratory tests further compounds the issue, rendering them unaffordable for many rural inhabitants. In response, this study aims to introduce two practical tools for detecting adulterated honey using a low-cost electronic device based on Arduino and Python-OpenCV. The primary objective is to make these tools accessible to honey producers, who bear the brunt of this problem. The innovation lies in the user-friendly methodology employed, designed to be easily replicated by individuals in rural areas with minimal expertise in electronics and programming. The study revealed evidence of honey adulteration, underscoring the urgency of such solutions. Importantly, both tools are ten times cheaper than commercial equipment typically used for honey analysis, promising a cost-effective approach to addressing this pressing issue.
Interactive mobile robot for learning angles with elementary school students
This article presents a novel mobile robot for learning angles. The robot is developed and designed using the Educational Mathematics and Mobile Robotics to identify the kind of angles. The performance of the mobile robot is assessed by practicing elementary students. The mobile robot is easy to use with multimodal interface using the arm and the hand acquired by Kinect v2 in real-time. Also, the interface is described considering its elements and functions. This article includes results and topics studied during various practices in which the mobile robot was used during classes with elementary students using the nesting model of practices used in the Socio-epistemological Theory from Educational Mathematics.
Neural network – based zero - watermarking system for digital images
Image authentication has become a paramount necessity in response to the rampant transfer of digital information. In this context, this paper presents an approach for protection of distortion-free digital image. The proposed method is based on extracting a feature map using a deep neural network, which consists of two branches, one for watermark classification and another for feature extraction. This neural network model shares weights between the branches since the watermark maintains image features, thus increasing the system's efficiency. The use of a neural model for feature selection allows the generation of image-specific feature learning, detecting them regardless of whether the image has been distorted. Subsequently, the feature map is combined with the user's watermark, generated from image edge detection, creating a unique stego-image. To evaluate the robustness of the generated watermark, different tests were performed on different types of geometric attacks, such as translation, rotation, scaling, and cropping, as well as advanced image processing, such as JPEG compression, filtering, and noise addition. Three main metrics were used to evaluate the efficiency: Bit Error Rate (BER), Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC), and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). The results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits remarkable robustness to a variety of attacks, reflected in the values of the average BER of 0.0059, a high NCC of 0.9936, as well as an SSIM of 0.9195. These results highlight the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach in digital images protection and authentication.
Cryptocurrency trading using deep reinforcement learning and machine learning algorithms
The aim of this article is to perform a comparison of the performance of machine learning and deep reinforcement learning algorithms for buying and selling cryptocurrencies based on price prediction. This is done by training and testing such models using daily data spanning the period from 2017-11-09 to 2022-05-01 and was downloaded from Yahoo finance page in their cryptocurrency section. It is observed that machine learning algorithms have high accuracy metrics in their predictions and execute quickly, although they do not result in high return on investment, nor do they surpass deep reinforcement learning in this regard.
Implementation of hypothetical learning paths in algebra with Tic´s support and Polya methodology
At present, the processes for teaching mathematics undergo constant changes with the introduction of new information technologies; the combination of robust methodologies such as Polya´s presented in a planning based on hypothetical learning trajectories that include the Use of the ICT, are a tool that strengthens the learning process of students in key subjects such as algebra. The method used for this research is of a quantitative nature, applied to a first-semester group, modifying the planning in the numerical patterns, successions and series subjects and observing the results obtained with the other subjects with the usual planning.
Application of Data Mining Techniques for Classification: A Case Study in Higher Education
In Mexico, the EXANI_II assessment instrument has been designed to comprehensively assess academic skills and specific knowledge of applicants to enter higher education. The application of data mining techniques, such as decision trees for classification, can support the detection of vulnerable students. This research compares two decision trees: The J-48 algorithm and the random tree algorithm using the Weka software for its implementation in the EXANI-II database for the evaluation of applicants to enter the Technological University of Chihuahua in 2021. The results are reviewed regarding the accuracy in the classification obtained in each of the algorithms, with the J-48 algorithm having a better performance.
Functionalization by impregnation of Agave angustifolia Haw bagasse fibers with green coffee chlorogenic acids
The pollution caused by the excess of agro-industrial waste is a global issue. This is the case in the agave processing industry, which generates around 40% of waste in the form of bagasse, which is used for various purposes. In recent years, the combination of lignocellulosic materials with antioxidant compounds has been increasing in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Green coffee is an important source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds such as chlorogenic acid. Therefore, the objective of this work was to functionalize Agave angustifolia Haw bagasse fibers with a green coffee extract rich in chlorogenic acids through an impregnation process. For this purpose, two types of agave bagasse from fructan production (FBAF) and mezcal production (FBAM) were characterized. Impregnation functionalization of FBAF and FBAM with the green coffee extract (ECV) was standardized by setting the temperature, contact time, solvent, and chlorogenic acid concentration in the extract. The main results showed that the impregnated bagasse fibers (FBAFI and FBAMI), despite containing residual phenols, were functionalized with ECV since they significantly increased their antioxidant activity, evaluated both by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ) and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); regarding the impregnation process, was optimized at 60 °C, for 6 h, 5 mg of chlorogenic acid using a hydroalcoholic solution in a proportion of 70% water and 30% ethanol; the final content of chlorogenic acids under optimal impregnation conditions was 650.6 μg/g and 425.8 μg/g for FBAFI and FBAMI, respectively. In conclusion, the functionalization of agave bagasse fibers with this hydroalcoholic extract of green coffee significantly increased the antioxidant activity of the fibers, due to the formation of irreversible bonds between chlorogenic acid and bagasse cellulose. Thus, favoring the conservation of the antioxidant in gastrointestinal conditions and therefore its use as functional dietary fiber.
Anaerobic-aerobic sequential biofilters packed with polyurethane/polypyrrole-co-polyaniline and constructed wetland for municipal wastewater treatment
Due to the growing demand and the current water problems, efficient and economical wastewater treatment systems are required to promote the reuse of this resource. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a sequential system consisting of two anaerobic-aerobic biofilters and a constructed wetland at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in treating municipal wastewater (MWW). The biofilters were packed with polyurethane/polypyrrole-co-polyaniline composites as support for biofilm formation. The constructed wetland contained tezontle as substratum for Canna indica plants. The parameters analyzed were chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), fecal coliforms (FC), helminth eggs (HE) and total solids (TS). It was observed that the removal of these parameters increased in direct proportion to the HRT, achieving up to 93% removal efficiency for COD, 99% for BOD5, 28% removal in TS, FC decreased from 1×106± 1 to 1×101± 1 MPN/100 mL and HEs decreased from being uncountable to 3 ± 3 HE/L, operating at a HRT of 9.9 days.
Study of the biological and physicochemical properties of sargassum as a bio-insulating material in a mortar
The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological, physicochemical and thermal characteristics of a mortar, using sargassum as an organic supplementary cementitious material, which can be used as a thermal insulator. Differentiation and characterization of the collected species was carried out, as well as physicochemical analyzes to determine the elemental and chemical composition and a morphological analysis of the sargassum with techniques such as DRX, FRX and EDS-SEM. The effect of sargassum was evaluated by analyzing substitution proportions in a mortar with 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The results show that the mechanical compressive strength, the thermal conductivity and the thermal transmittance decrease with the increase of sargassum content in the mortar, however, the specific heat increases with respect to the increase of the substitution percentage, indicating a decrease in heat transfer. inside the house. These results are confirmed by the correlations analyzed, since they present values above R2= 0.94. It is concluded that the substitution of the stone aggregate with sargassum is possible to use it up to 5%, with 28 days with a mechanical resistance higher than 75MPa.
Bioactive compounds and mineral composition in fruit and by-products of mango cv. Ataulfo
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an agro-industrial fruit that generates up to 60% of by-products, which when discarded decompose and produce gases and microbial proliferation. However, some authors have reported high levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in these by-products. This study focused on analysing the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential present in fresh and dehydrated mango, and their by-products (peel and seed). The fruit was obtained from the local market in Chihuahua, Mexico. The parameters of weight, color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and mineral elements were determined in fresh mango, dehydrated pulp, and by-products. The results showed that the pulp accounted for 54.97% of the total yield, while the peel and seed represented 31.56% and 13.47%, respectively. Fresh fruit and dehydrated pulp exhibited the highest values of soluble solids and SS/TA ratio, while fresh pulp showed the highest Fe and Cu content. The seed presented the highest levels of phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and minerals such as K, Ca, Mg, and P, followed by the peel. Therefore, mango peel and seed could be considered as alternative sources for the extraction of natural bioactive molecules, with potential applications in industrial and agricultural processes, or in the development of new products.
Educational applications of neural networks using Excel® for Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry
Currently, applications of artificial neural networks can be found in various fields due to the rapid development of information technology, ushering in a new era of System Identification (SI) that encompasses every aspect of our society. This paper aims to give students an overview of general methodologies to help them understand System Identification and its potential applications in chemical and biochemical engineering. So, it explains the basics of Artificial Neural Network algorithms using spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel®). The handling of experimental results, the construction models with algebraic equations, use of mathematical minimization functions and models, and the use of the optimization tool (SOLVER™) were employed to convey the essential concepts. This procedure was applied in a didactic manner to various case studies using static-feedforward neural networks, dynamic-feedback neural networks, continuous differential dynamic neural networks (black box model), and complementary hybrid neural networks (grey box models). These models require information through input data and generate an output that describes complex and nonlinear behaviors. This work introduces students to the use of basic artificial intelligence models applied to chemical and biochemical engineering.
Web System for the Management and Administration of Neuropsychological Tests: Design and Development
Neuropsychological evaluations play a fundamental role in diagnosing cognitive and neurological conditions. However, traditional manual methods present significant limitations, such as human errors in data recording, prolonged evaluation times, and a lack of standardization in test administration. These deficiencies can delay diagnosis and compromise the reliability of results. To address these challenges, this study presents the design and development of a web-based application for the management and administration of neuropsychological tests, aimed at optimizing the evaluation process in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and standardization. The system focuses specifically on the BANFE-2 battery, which is widely used in clinical contexts. The development process was based on the MPIu+a methodology (Usability and Accessibility Engineering Process Model), which guided each phase through principles of User-Centered Design (UCD). For project management, the agile Scrum framework was incorporated, enabling iterative cycles with continuous user feedback. As a result, a platform was built that allows specialists to manage clinical cases, administer digitized tests, record results, consult patient histories, and generate PDF reports, contributing to greater standardization and control of the evaluation process. The usability evaluation yielded a score of 86.1%, indicating strong user acceptance. Although the system does not currently incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, its architecture is designed to support future integration of automated data analysis tools. This work contributes to the advancement of technological tools applied to neuropsychology, offering a scalable and accessible solution tailored for local clinical contexts. Future work will focus on addressing identified limitations to improve usability, expand functionality, and increase system adaptability to diverse clinical and research needs.
Validation of an Extended TAM Model for Blockchain Adoption in Human Capital Recruitment in Regional Innovation Systems
This study validates an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) applied to the context of blockchain technology adoption in recruitment and selection processes within Mexican technology clusters. Based on Davis' Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) theory, expanded with external constructs identified in the exploratory study (sustainability, labour inclusion, supervisor technological competence, risk assessment, and trained human capital), the general hypothesis that these factors, together with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, significantly influence the attitude, intention and effective use of blockchain technology in recruitment and selection processes was tested. These external variables were previously identified through a qualitative case study conducted in a technology cluster, allowing for their subsequent quantitative operationalization. The empirical validation of the model was carried out in four technology clusters in the sector in Mexico, comprising a total of 31 companies. The methodological design was quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational, using a non-probabilistic sample of 256 professionals. IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 29) was used to perform reliability analyses (α > .86), Pearson correlations (r ranging from .709 to .883), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation, and Multiple Linear Regression. Finally, the complete model was validated through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using IBM SPSS Amos (version 29), yielding satisfactory fit indicators (CFI = .951, RMSEA = .045, SRMR = .048). The findings indicate that perceived usefulness and attitude towards use are key mediating variables between the external constructs and the intention to use. Perceived risk showed a significant negative influence, whereas the supervisor technological competence, sustainability, and trained human capital had a positive impact on perceived usefulness and intention to use. It is concluded that the use of blockchain in recruitment and selection enhances the transparency, security, and efficiency of processes, and that its adoption—beyond perceived usefulness and ease of use—is driven by sustainability, labor inclusion, technological competence, risk management, and human capital training. The results not only deepen the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon but also provide practical guidelines for implementing this technology in organizational settings. This study represents an original and pioneering contribution in the Latin American context, as it is the first to validate an extended TAM model with empirical evidence on the use of blockchain in recruitment and selection processes.
Biomechanical Analysis of Two Prototypes for a Zirconia-Oxide Trans-Endodontic Implant; an In-silico Study
INTRODUCTION: Trans-Endodontic Implants (TEI) are artificial extensions securely anchored through a tooth apex to healthy tissues. Recently, materials such as Titanium (Ti), Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys, Chromium-Cobalt (Cr-Co), and Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum (Cr-Co-Mo) have been employed; however, their use has been limited due to corrosion or poor technique and case selection. Recently, Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) has been utilized due to its mechanical and aesthetic properties; computer-aided design (CAD) software allows the design of complex 3D structures and analysis of their behavior. OBJECTIVE: To design and produce two zirconium TEI models for future application as a restorative material in the oral cavity. METHODOLOGY: A 3D model of the TEI was created using SOLIDWORKS software, considering the implant measurements, which will be determined by the average length of incisors established in the literature; for the diameter the last rotary instrument used previously in root canal treatment was considered. RESULTS: The biomechanical characteristics of the thread were established, considering those that favor the osseointegration process. The results showed that the implant demonstrated adequate biomechanical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The designed implant showed promising biomechanical properties, making it a potential alternative for the treatment of anterior teeth with apical segment fractures or extremely short roots. This design could provide a viable solution for restoring teeth with compromised roots.