Método heurístico para la simplificación de zonas de riesgo urbano en la planificación de rutas de distribución
Palabras clave:
Ruteo Vehicular, Riesgo Urbano, Agrupamiento Espacial, Heurística Geométrica, Logística Sensible al Riesgo.Resumen
Las operaciones logísticas urbanas están expuestas a accidentes de tránsito e incidentes delictivos que pueden afectar la eficiencia del transporte y la seguridad operacional. Este trabajo propone un marco heurístico geométrico para incorporar estructuras de riesgo urbano dentro de un Problema de Ruteo de Vehículos con Capacidad (CVRP). La metodología integra registros georreferenciados de accidentes y robos, técnicas de agrupamiento espacial, análisis de empalmes, transformación de regiones irregulares en zonas circulares de riesgo y un mecanismo secante para evaluar la exposición de las rutas. Las zonas de riesgo se incorporan al modelo mediante una penalización multiplicativa que permite equilibrar costo y riesgo. La metodología fue evaluada utilizando datos reales de la ciudad de Irapuato, México, correspondientes al periodo 2020–2025 y una red de distribución de 97 clientes. Los resultados muestran que el enfoque propuesto identifica estructuras persistentes de conflicto urbano y las incorpora al proceso de optimización. El análisis de sensibilidad evidenció una reducción de los cruces por zonas de conflicto de seis a cero con un incremento moderado en la distancia recorrida. Los hallazgos demuestran la utilidad de la heurística propuesta para la planificación logística urbana sensible al riesgo.
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